{"id":103928,"date":"2022-07-22T11:10:16","date_gmt":"2022-07-22T09:10:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/?p=103928"},"modified":"2023-02-17T11:18:33","modified_gmt":"2023-02-17T10:18:33","slug":"justice-libya-road-hope-or-nowhere","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/103928-justice-libya-road-hope-or-nowhere.html","title":{"rendered":"Justice in Libya: A road to hope or a road to nowhere?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

A UN Fact-Finding Mission recently published its third report unveiling more evidence of \u201ccrimes against humanity, war crimes, and gross human rights violations\u201d in Libya, including against migrants. National authorities are supposed to be investigating, but there\u2019s little evidence that they have done much. The International Criminal Court has been seized of the Libyan situation since 2011, but has so far been largely ineffectual.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

The UN Fact-Finding Mission (FFM) report published on June 29 is a litany of crimes committed over years across Libya by multiple actors including some linked to the State as well as armed groups. \u201cSome of the violations identified include direct attacks on civilians during the conduct of hostilities, arbitrary detention, enforced disappearances, sexual and gender-based violence, torture, violations of fundamental freedoms, persecution and violations against journalists, human rights defenders, civil society, minorities, internally displaced persons and violations of the rights of women and children,\u201d says the FFM<\/a>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The report also points to continuing serious crimes against migrants<\/a> in both legal and illegal detention facilities. It says \u201cthe Mission also gathered further evidence providing reasonable grounds to believe that crimes against humanity, particularly enslavement<\/a>, torture, and rape, continue to be committed against migrants in Libya\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Widespread impunity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The FFM was set up in 2020 at the request of the Libyan government. But Libyan authorities have so far done little to prosecute international crimes. \u201cWhat you have on the ground is the willingness of some judges to do something,\u201d Nidal Jurdi, the FFM\u2019s Libya coordinator and head of Secretariat, told Justice Info. \u201cThe ones we met showed enthusiasm and willingness, saying they want to see rule of law and accountability in Libya. But are they able to do it? Many of them said \u2018no, we are afraid for our lives, for our families\u2019.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Militias still control large parts of the country, while there are rival governments in the capital Tripoli and in the east. \u201cYou may see cases of crimes amounting to war crimes being prosecuted in the west related to the east, or in the eastern region related to the west,\u201d says Jurdi. \u201cBut if you're talking about accountability and prosecution in the fullest sense, that is missing. We hope to encourage it.\u201d He points out that international crimes (war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide) are not enshrined in Libya\u2019s Penal Code, but can be prosecuted as ordinary crimes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ICC missing in action?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The International Criminal Court (ICC)<\/a> has been seized of the situation in Libya since 2011. Libya is not a State party to the ICC, but the situation was referred by the UN Security Council in the wake of a brutal crackdown on protesting civilians by the government at the time under Muammar Gaddafi. It has issued five arrest warrants for war crimes and crimes against humanity: in 2011 against the former dictator himself (withdrawn in November the same year following his death), his son Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi (still at large) and Gaddafi\u2019s former intelligence chief Abdullah Al-Senussi (case closed in 2014 when the Court declared it inadmissible on grounds of national proceedings against the suspect); then against Al-Tuhamy Mohamed Khaled (arrest warrant issued under seal in 2013 and made public in 2017, suspect still at large), and in 2017 against Mahmoud Al-Werfalli (withdrawn in June 2022 following his death).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So of these five cases, only two remain and neither of the suspects have been arrested. Lawyer C\u00e9line Bardet<\/a>, founder of the NGO We Are Not Weapons of War<\/a>, has been working with Libyan victims for more than a decade. She thinks any impact the ICC may have had in Libya remains largely symbolic. \u201cUnfortunately it has even been counter-productive,\u201d Bardet told Justice Info, \u201cbecause back in 2011 it raised a lot of hopes. But from 2011 to 2022 there have been no concrete results.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

New strategy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

She also thinks the ICC has been lacking a clear strategy on Libya. \u201cFatou Bensouda [former ICC prosecutor] said it was a priority<\/a> for her, but I feel great frustration at the ICC\u2019s work on Libya.\u201d Bardet says that as well as lack of resources, ICC investigators did not go to Libya and for a long time did not even have Arabic speaking investigators. That is a big problem, she continues, because victims of serious crimes such as torture need to have trust and do not want interpreters when talking to the ICC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After taking office last year, current ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan announced a new ICC strategy on Libya, and his Deputy Prosecutor Nazhat Shameem Khan went late June to Tripoli \u201cin furtherance of the renewed action strategy of the Office of the Prosecutor in relation to the Situation in Libya\u201d, according to an ICC press release<\/a>. It says that the new strategy announced by Khan in April this year \u201cemphasises the allocation of additional resources, increased engagement with those impacted by alleged crimes in Libya and more effective cooperation with Libyan authorities in support of accountability efforts at the national level, in line with the principle of complementarity\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf there is a change, so much the better,\u201d says Bardet. \u201cBut I no longer expect anything of the ICC on Libya.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Deputy
ICC Deputy Prosecutor Nazhat Shameem Khan visited Libya in late June to implement a \"new strategy\". \u00a9 ICC-CPI<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

What\u2019s next?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe continue working on identifying responsibilities,\u201d says Jurdi of the FFM. \u201cThis means at the end of the day that accountability should take place.\u201d Information on possible suspects is kept confidential, but could the FFM share it with courts in Libya or elsewhere for possible future prosecutions? \u201cOur mandate does not allow for that,\u201d he told Justice Info. \u201cBut our mandate says at the end of the day we will submit all this evidence to the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).\u201d The OHCHR could possibly seek permission from the UN Human Rights Council to disclose some of it to third parties \u201cwhen the time is right\u201d, he said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The FFM\u2019s mandate has been extended to March 2023, but will then end at the request of the Libyan government. \u201cThe Libyans do not want to extend, they want to take custody of the process,\u201d says Jurdi. \u201cWe said good, but as long as you follow up on our recommendations.\u201d There has been little sign of that so far.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finding a political solution towards an elected unified government is key to restoring security and implementing reforms to ensure accountability, says Jurdi. This was supposed to happen under the 2020 Libyan Political Agreement. But the country remains divided and UN-supervised elections due to take place in December last year have been postponed indefinitely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, Bardet thinks one road towards justice for victims could be universal jurisdiction<\/a>. For example, her organization brought a complaint in France in 2018 against warlord Khalifa Haftar on behalf of victims, after Hafter went to Paris for medical treatment. This is under investigation by the office of the French prosecutor, although Haftar\u2019s whereabouts are currently unclear.<\/p>\n\n\n

\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
Recommended reading<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t
\"\"<\/div><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\tCould the ICC address human trafficking as an international crime?\r\n\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A UN Fact-Finding Mission recently published its third report unveiling more evidence of \u201ccrimes against humanity, war crimes, and gross human rights violations\u201d in Libya, including against migrants. National authorities are supposed to be investigating, but there\u2019s little evidence that they have done much. The International Criminal Court has been seized of the Libyan situation […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":57,"featured_media":103910,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3063,562],"tags":[2653,3921,2739,2683],"ji_location":[2319],"class_list":["post-103928","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-transitional-justice-blind-spots","category-icc","tag-crime-against-humanity","tag-human-trafficking","tag-migrants-en","tag-war-crime","ji_location-libya"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nJustice in Libya: A road to hope or a road to nowhere? - JusticeInfo.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A UN Fact-Finding Mission recently published its third report unveiling more evidence of \u201ccrimes against humanity, war crimes, and gross human rights violations\u201d in Libya, including against migrants. 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The International Criminal Court has been seized of the Libyan situation since 2011, but has so far been largely ineffectual.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/103928-justice-libya-road-hope-or-nowhere.html","og_site_name":"JusticeInfo.net","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JusticeInfo\/","article_author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Juliacra","article_published_time":"2022-07-22T09:10:16+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-02-17T10:18:33+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1200,"height":737,"url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Libya_family-vitims-funeral-procession_@Mahmud-Turkia-AFP.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Julia Crawford","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@JuliaCrawford13","twitter_site":"@justiceinfonet","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Julia Crawford","Est. reading time":"7 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/103928-justice-libya-road-hope-or-nowhere.html#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/103928-justice-libya-road-hope-or-nowhere.html"},"author":{"name":"jcrawford","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/b25d0aaceb5ef616c169bbc5e5b2d7e5"},"headline":"Justice in Libya: A road to hope or a road to nowhere?","datePublished":"2022-07-22T09:10:16+00:00","dateModified":"2023-02-17T10:18:33+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/103928-justice-libya-road-hope-or-nowhere.html"},"wordCount":1167,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/103928-justice-libya-road-hope-or-nowhere.html#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Libya_family-vitims-funeral-procession_@Mahmud-Turkia-AFP.jpg","keywords":["crime against humanity","human trafficking","migrants","war crime"],"articleSection":["Blind spots","ICC"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/103928-justice-libya-road-hope-or-nowhere.html","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/103928-justice-libya-road-hope-or-nowhere.html","name":"Justice in Libya: A road to hope or a road to nowhere? - JusticeInfo.net","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/103928-justice-libya-road-hope-or-nowhere.html#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/103928-justice-libya-road-hope-or-nowhere.html#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Libya_family-vitims-funeral-procession_@Mahmud-Turkia-AFP.jpg","datePublished":"2022-07-22T09:10:16+00:00","dateModified":"2023-02-17T10:18:33+00:00","description":"A UN Fact-Finding Mission recently published its third report unveiling more evidence of \u201ccrimes against humanity, war crimes, and gross human rights violations\u201d in Libya, including against migrants. 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The International Criminal Court has been seized of the Libyan situation since 2011, but has so far been largely ineffectual.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/103928-justice-libya-road-hope-or-nowhere.html#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/103928-justice-libya-road-hope-or-nowhere.html"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/103928-justice-libya-road-hope-or-nowhere.html#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Libya_family-vitims-funeral-procession_@Mahmud-Turkia-AFP.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Libya_family-vitims-funeral-procession_@Mahmud-Turkia-AFP.jpg","width":1200,"height":737,"caption":"Libyans look at a poster in March 2021 showing civilian victims of militia terror in Tarhuna, 80 km southeast of the Libyan capital Tripoli. \u00a9 Mahmud Turkia \/ AFP"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/103928-justice-libya-road-hope-or-nowhere.html#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Justice in Libya: A road to hope or a road to nowhere?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/","name":"JusticeInfo.net","description":"For justice to be done, it must be seen","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#organization","name":"Justice Info","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/justiceinfo_logo-trans_1200x1200px.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/justiceinfo_logo-trans_1200x1200px.png","width":1199,"height":1200,"caption":"Justice Info"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JusticeInfo\/","https:\/\/x.com\/justiceinfonet","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/justice-info","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCyCEsARodyuWtkWyhn-e7pA"]},{"@type":"Person","name":"Julia Crawford","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Juliacra","https:\/\/x.com\/JuliaCrawford13"],"url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/auteur\/jcrawford"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103928","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/57"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=103928"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103928\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":112518,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103928\/revisions\/112518"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/103910"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=103928"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=103928"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=103928"},{"taxonomy":"ji_location","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ji_location?post=103928"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}