{"id":115285,"date":"2023-04-11T13:29:50","date_gmt":"2023-04-11T11:29:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/?p=115285"},"modified":"2023-04-13T09:14:39","modified_gmt":"2023-04-13T07:14:39","slug":"colonial-crimes-reparations-movement-stalls-europe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/115285-colonial-crimes-reparations-movement-stalls-europe.html","title":{"rendered":"Colonial crimes: the reparations movement stalls in Europe"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The wave of restitutions expected after French President Emmanuel Macron\u2019s 2017 promise to return stolen art to Africa has hit legal and political roadblocks. But while former colonial powers are shying away, it seems \u201cNew World\u201d countries have started doing more to repair crimes against First Nations.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Germany\u2019s bid to make amends for its 1904-1908 genocide against the Herero and Nama people has been rejected by Namibian victims<\/a>, while Belgium\u2019s parliamentary commission on its colonial crimes in Africa failed to agree on an apology<\/a>. Meanwhile, France\u2019s much-heralded return of African cultural objects, seen as a possible precedent, is so far going at a snail\u2019s pace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Carsten Stahn, professor of International Criminal Law at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands, says attitudes to the return of cultural objects have changed in Europe, which is a sign of hope, but progress is patchy. British journalist Barnaby Phillips, who wrote the book \u201cLoot<\/a>\u201d on Britain and the Benin Bronzes, thinks that momentum on return of cultural objects has not necessarily slowed down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe Benin Bronzes are rather emblematic of this debate,\u201d he told Justice Info. \u201cThere's been extraordinary momentum over the last 18 months or so with announcements from Germany, from various museums<\/a> here in the UK, the Smithsonian in Washington -- and indeed, with further announcements expected this year. So in that regard, I think we're in a place that nobody imagined we would be even three years ago, let alone five or ten.\u201d Germany has begun the process of returning them<\/a>, while the Smithsonian has already transferred ownership of 29<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On reparations for victims, there have been some moves from European states, but they are decidedly wary. As Stahn says in a 2020 editorial for Leiden University law school<\/a>, \u201cmany states or actors recognize moral responsibility or political forms of redress as part of a reparative approach towards wrongdoing (apology, forgiveness, contrition, atonement, and reconciliation), but shy away from approaches which would imply any legal recognition of wrong, in order to avoid precedents.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reparations: fear of opening a \u201cPandora\u2019s Box\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Germany and Namibia case is a good example of this. German political scientist Henning Melber<\/a> says Germany made \u201ca significant step in the right direction\u201d with regard to addressing its colonial crimes against the Herero and Nama people of Namibia \u2013 seen by many historians as the first genocide of the 20th<\/sup> century -- , but then it came to a halt. \u201cSo actually they started something which was very much welcome, and then they were in fear of creating a far-reaching precedent,\u201d he told Justice Info.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Between 1904 and 1908, following an \u201cExtermination Order<\/a>\u201d issued by General Lothar von Trotta, German forces wiped out some 80% of Namibia\u2019s Herero people, who had risen up against German rule, and up to 50% of the Nama. Members of these groups were killed, driven into the desert to die of thirst and starvation, put in concentration camps and their remains taken to Germany for \u201cexperiments\u201d of a racial nature, in what is seen by some as a precursor to the Holocaust. Their land was also taken and is still occupied mostly by the descendants of German settlers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In late 2015, Germany embarked on negotiations with the Namibian government. In May 2021, Germany and Namibia signed an agreement including Germany\u2019s payment of 1.1 billion euros over 30 years for development projects. But this has been rejected by victims\u2019 descendants<\/a>, who say it is not enough and they were excluded from the talks. It has also been rejected by the Namibian parliament. The process is now stalled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Melber thinks Germany got cold feet and realized it was opening a \u201cPandora\u2019s Box\u201d that could bring claims from other communities, for example in former German East Africa, or Poland, Italy and Greece in relation to the Second World War. \u201cI think when they got into it, they realized just what they had got into, and then maybe there was also pressure behind closed doors from the European Union or other former colonial powers,\u201d he told Justice Info.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Melber is convinced some other former colonial powers applied pressure on Germany. Britain, for example, which was the largest colonial power<\/a>, committed a litany of crimes across the globe. After a court battle, the UK authorities did agree in 2013 to pay reparations to 5,000 victims of a bloody crackdown on the 1950s Mau Mau rebellion against colonial rule in Kenya. But, as Melber says, it was \u201cvery careful to avoid legal precedents\u201d, and a later legal claim<\/a>, raising the cases of a further 40,000 Kenyans who asserted they had been tortured, mistreated and raped during the suppression of the rebellion failed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What\u2019s in an apology?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Stahn of Leiden University thinks Germany, the Netherlands<\/a> and Belgium are the European countries that have done the most so far on addressing colonial crimes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Belgium, for example, set up a parliamentary commission to look into its colonial crimes in DR Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. This commission was a potential pioneer in Europe, but at the end of December, after two and a half years of looking into the past, there was no political consensus<\/a> to apologize to the victims, which also put paid to all its other recommendations, at least for now. Centre-right parties preferred to stick to the \u201cregrets\u201d expressed by the Belgian king<\/a> in the DR Congo, rather than make a fuller apology which could carry a risk of having to pay huge financial reparations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some German ministers have said<\/a> that what their country did in Namibia \u201cwould now be called genocide\u201d, but there has been no straight recognition of genocide from the top, as demanded by Namibian victims. Genocide was not recognized in international law until 1948, with the adoption of the Genocide Convention<\/a>. However, the German parliament and some other countries including the US have recognized the 1915 Turkish atrocities against Armenians as a genocide \u2013 provoking outrage from Turkey. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year, French president Macron announced the creation of \u201cmixed commissions of historians\u201d to shed light on France\u2019s colonial past in Cameroon and Algeria. The Cameroon commission, which is already subject to criticism<\/a>, was launched in March 2023 and is due to complete its work by the end of 2024. The Algeria commission was even more controversial<\/a>. It remains to be seen what they will produce. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Restitution roadblocks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Many European museums have become more sensitive to researching the origins of their collections, involving concerned communities in this process, and returning objects stolen during the colonial era. But museums have varying degrees of autonomy and political will, as Phillips points out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Benin Bronzes, again, are a good example. Looted by a British punitive expedition in 1897 from the Palace of the Oba of Benin, Nigeria, these exceptional works of art are now scattered in museums across Europe. But while there have been some restitutions \u2013 for example, Germany has returned 21, with more restitutions and ownership transfers promised by Germany and others --, the largest collection of Benin Bronzes (944) \u2013 classed as a \u201cnational collection\u201d -- remains in the British Museum in London.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe British Museum operates under something called the British Museum Act of 1963,\u201d says Phillips. \u201cEssentially it is almost impossible, or at least very difficult for the British Museum to permanently return objects in its collection unless or until that act changes.\u201d In the past, he thinks, \u201cthe British Museum trustees and directors have hidden behind the law\u201d as a \u201cconvenient excuse\u201d not to act on restitution demands notably from Nigeria and Ghana. Now there may be more political will, but their hands are tied unless there is a change in the law. This is unlikely under the current Conservative government, he thinks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMore should be done at European level\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI want within five years that the conditions be met for temporary or permanent restitutions of African cultural heritage to Africa,\u201d French President Emmanuel Macron said<\/a> in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, in 2017. He also commissioned a report<\/a> on the restitution of African cultural heritage (the Sarr-Savoy report), which recommended the full restitution of all objects taken by force or presumed to have been acquired through inequitable conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

France returned a symbolic sword to Senegal<\/a> in 2019 and 26 objects to Benin<\/a> in 2021, but this represents only a fraction of what is held in French museums. The largest collection of African art is held in the Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly in Paris, from which the Benin objects were returned. But since then, no other restitutions have followed, although that museum has received official requests from Madagascar, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Ethiopia, Mali and Chad, according to its website<\/a>. Asked about this, the museum\u2019s deputy communications director Lucie Casassus noted that \u201cthe decision to transfer ownership of the works can only be made by the government, and not the museum\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In France all public assets, including the contents of publicly owned collections such as museums are regarded as inalienable possessions (i.e. ownership cannot be transferred). The restitutions to Benin and Senegal required a decision by parliament<\/a>, and took much discussion. Parliament\u2019s approval in 2020 applied only to those specific cases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stahn notes that only Belgium has adopted a \u201cframework\u201d legislation on return of ill-gotten cultural artefacts, allowing restitutions to go faster, and thinks that France should do the same. \u201cMore should be done at the European level,\u201d he told Justice Info.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Impetus in \u201cNew World\u201d countries<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

While progress in Europe is patchy, both Melber and Stahn think there is more impetus in so-called \u201cNew World\u201d countries to address the legacy of settler crimes against First Nations. They point particularly to New Zealand, which Melber says has set an example<\/a>, especially under former Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern with moves to apologize, compensate and even change the history books. Maori law has been recognized and now \u201clives together\u201d with a body of law inherited from the British. Canada, too, has come quite a long way on apologies<\/a> and compensation<\/a> particularly for the terrible legacy of its indigenous residential schools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI think it's a given that there is more impetus, even if it took very long,\u201d says Melber. \u201cBut these are former settler colonial societies. That means the victims of settler colonialism, those who survived settler colonialism are in the midst of the societies. Even if they are still marginalized, their voices are domestic voices. That makes a huge difference.\u201d Stahn agrees. \u201cIn the context of settler colonialism, there are more profound moves to address inequality,\u201d he told Justice Info, as opposed to more partial strategies in Europe where there is \u201cnot the same level of engagement\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n

\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
Recommended reading<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t
\"Drawing<\/div><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\tMassamba Gueye: \u201cWe need a Truth and Reconciliation Commission on restitutions between Africa and Europe\u201d\r\n\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The wave of restitutions expected after French President Emmanuel Macron\u2019s 2017 promise to return stolen art to Africa has hit legal and political roadblocks. But while former colonial powers are shying away, it seems \u201cNew World\u201d countries have started doing more to repair crimes against First Nations.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":57,"featured_media":115274,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[544],"tags":[2892],"ji_location":[2567],"class_list":["post-115285","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reparations","tag-restitutions-en","ji_location-international"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nColonial crimes: the reparations movement stalls in Europe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Reparations initiatives for colonial crimes are stalled in Europe. 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Here is the state of play.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/115285-colonial-crimes-reparations-movement-stalls-europe.html","og_site_name":"JusticeInfo.net","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JusticeInfo\/","article_author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Juliacra","article_published_time":"2023-04-11T11:29:50+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-04-13T07:14:39+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1200,"height":800,"url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Burkina-Faso_France-Emmanuel-Macron_@Ludovic-Marin-Pool-AFP.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Julia Crawford","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@JuliaCrawford13","twitter_site":"@justiceinfonet","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Julia Crawford","Est. reading time":"9 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/115285-colonial-crimes-reparations-movement-stalls-europe.html#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/115285-colonial-crimes-reparations-movement-stalls-europe.html"},"author":{"name":"jcrawford","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/b25d0aaceb5ef616c169bbc5e5b2d7e5"},"headline":"Colonial crimes: the reparations movement stalls in Europe","datePublished":"2023-04-11T11:29:50+00:00","dateModified":"2023-04-13T07:14:39+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/115285-colonial-crimes-reparations-movement-stalls-europe.html"},"wordCount":1755,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/115285-colonial-crimes-reparations-movement-stalls-europe.html#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Burkina-Faso_France-Emmanuel-Macron_@Ludovic-Marin-Pool-AFP.jpg","keywords":["restitutions"],"articleSection":["Reparations"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/115285-colonial-crimes-reparations-movement-stalls-europe.html","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/115285-colonial-crimes-reparations-movement-stalls-europe.html","name":"Colonial crimes: the reparations movement stalls in Europe","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/115285-colonial-crimes-reparations-movement-stalls-europe.html#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/115285-colonial-crimes-reparations-movement-stalls-europe.html#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Burkina-Faso_France-Emmanuel-Macron_@Ludovic-Marin-Pool-AFP.jpg","datePublished":"2023-04-11T11:29:50+00:00","dateModified":"2023-04-13T07:14:39+00:00","description":"Reparations initiatives for colonial crimes are stalled in Europe. In Africa, restitution of stolen art objects is often considered. Here is the state of play.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/115285-colonial-crimes-reparations-movement-stalls-europe.html#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/115285-colonial-crimes-reparations-movement-stalls-europe.html"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/115285-colonial-crimes-reparations-movement-stalls-europe.html#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Burkina-Faso_France-Emmanuel-Macron_@Ludovic-Marin-Pool-AFP.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Burkina-Faso_France-Emmanuel-Macron_@Ludovic-Marin-Pool-AFP.jpg","width":1200,"height":800,"caption":"Emmanuel Macron on 28 November 2017 during a visit to a school in Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso. On the same day, the French president gave his famous speech on the restitution of African cultural heritage. \u00a9 Ludovic Marin \/ Pool \/ AFP"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/115285-colonial-crimes-reparations-movement-stalls-europe.html#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Colonial crimes: the reparations movement stalls in Europe"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/","name":"JusticeInfo.net","description":"For justice to be done, it must be seen","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#organization","name":"Justice Info","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/justiceinfo_logo-trans_1200x1200px.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/justiceinfo_logo-trans_1200x1200px.png","width":1199,"height":1200,"caption":"Justice Info"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JusticeInfo\/","https:\/\/x.com\/justiceinfonet","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/justice-info","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCyCEsARodyuWtkWyhn-e7pA"]},{"@type":"Person","name":"Julia Crawford","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Juliacra","https:\/\/x.com\/JuliaCrawford13"],"url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/auteur\/jcrawford"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/115285","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/57"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=115285"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/115285\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":115352,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/115285\/revisions\/115352"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/115274"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=115285"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=115285"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=115285"},{"taxonomy":"ji_location","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ji_location?post=115285"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}