{"id":122740,"date":"2023-10-04T15:58:31","date_gmt":"2023-10-04T13:58:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/?p=122740"},"modified":"2023-10-09T09:25:47","modified_gmt":"2023-10-09T07:25:47","slug":"armenia-joins-icc-geopolitical-tightrope","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/122740-armenia-joins-icc-geopolitical-tightrope.html","title":{"rendered":"Armenia joins the ICC in a geopolitical tightrope"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Azerbaijan has gained full control of the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh, leading to mass exodus of Armenians from the enclave. In a move to prevent further attacks from Azerbaijan on Armenia and hold it responsible for potential war crimes, Armenia ratified the Rome Statute, the founding treaty of the International Criminal Court, on October 3. But in so doing it has raised tensions with Putin\u2019s Russia.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

By a vote of 60 to 12, Armenian Parliament ratified the Rome Statute on October 3 and will soon officially gain a membership in the International Criminal Court (ICC)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government asked the Constitutional Court to determine whether the Rome Statute conformed to the constitution last December, after Azerbaijani large-scale attack<\/a> against Armenia in September 2022. This March the court issued a ruling<\/a> confirming the compatibility of the Rome Statute with the constitution. Previously, in 2004, the court had ruled<\/a> the Statue did not correspond to several provisions of the 1995 constitution which has been amended<\/a> since.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The backdrop of Armenia\u2019s ratification of the Rome Statute reveals a political landscape marked with the mass exodus<\/a> of thousands of Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh (internationally recognized territory of Azerbaijan that has been under de-facto control of unrecognized Armenian government), strained relations with Russia and apparent reluctance of the West to hold Azerbaijan\u2019s president Ilham Aliyev accountable for alleged violations of international law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is a debate in Armenia, however, whether it was the best time to ratify the Rome Statute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Armenia's ICC aspirations sparked Russian concerns<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

After Azerbaijan\u2019s lightning offensive on September 19 and takeover<\/a> of Nagorno-Karabakh, protests<\/a> swept Yerevan streets with calls for Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan to resign. Russian propaganda figures like Russia Today\u2019s head Margarita Simonyan and TV presenter Vladimir Solovyov were quick to react. They bawled out <\/a>on Armenian leadership, implicitly fomenting<\/a> the anti-government movement, with vice-president of Russia\u2019s Security Council Dmitry Medvedev notably reproaching<\/a> Pashinyan on his Telegram channel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With tensions rising high, during his latest address<\/a> to the nation on September 24, Pashinyan essentially put the blame for ethnic cleansing of Nagorno-Karabakh \u201centirely on Azerbaijan\u2026 and on the peacekeeping troops of the Russian Federation,\u201d and argued for the ratification of the Rome Statute saying the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO, an intergovernmental military alliance led by Russia) membership and strategic partnership with Russia were \u201cnot enough to ensure Armenia's external security\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) issued a harsh statement<\/a> saying Pashinyan\u2019s remarks \u201celicit repudiation\u201d and rejected the claims that Russian peacekeeping troops failed to protect Nagorno-Karabakh\u2019s population against Azerbaijani aggression. Kremlin accused Pashinyan of \u201cshifting responsibility for failures in domestic and foreign policies onto Moscow.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Russian MFA Spokeswoman Maria Zakharova blamed<\/a> Armenia\u2019s foreign policy shift on the West accusing Washington and Brussels of persuading \u201cArmenian leadership to withdraw from the CSTO\u201d and \u201cstepping up cooperation with NATO\u201d, the military alliance led by the US and EU. Russian president Putin\u2019s spokesman Dmitry Peskov said<\/a> Russia does not welcome Armenia\u2019s intentions to join the ICC, whose decisions are \u201cextremely hostile\u201d and \u201cdifficult to comprehend\u201d for Moscow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Disputed territory of Nagorno-Karabakh (yellow) \u00a9 Wikipedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The shadow of Putin\u2019s indictment by the ICC<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

This March the ICC issued<\/a> arrest warrants against President Putin and Russian Commissioner for Children\u2019s Rights Maria Lvova-Belova for \u201cunlawful deportation and transportation of children from occupied areas of Ukraine to Russia\u201d. Moscow strongly condemned this decision and called it a provocation. Should Armenia join the ICC, in theory, local law enforcement would be obligated to detain Putin if he visits Armenia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Benyamin Poghosyan, senior fellow on foreign policy at Applied Policy Research Institute, a Yerevan based think-tank, told Justice Info Putin\u2019s potential arrest in Armenia is \u201cbeyond science fiction\u201d. The real issue, according to Poghosyan, is that Russia perceives the ICC as a Western instrument for advancing geopolitical agendas and exerting pressure on non-compliant nations. Armenia's ratification of the Rome Statute is seen as a \u201cgeopolitical signal that it would like to move towards the West and away from Russia\u201d. Kremlin is alarmed for \u201cit views the South Caucasus as part of its \u2018special interests\u2019 zone,\u201d Poghosyan said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeghishe Kirakosyan, the representative of Armenia on international legal matters, assured<\/a> that in case Armenia joins the ICC, Putin won\u2019t be arrested upon entering Armenia. Kirakosyan said Armenia proposed to sign a bilateral agreement with Russia to undertake guarantees \u201cregarding the most pressing issues\u201d based on Article 96<\/a> of the Statute. According to Kirakosyan, Armenia sent the offer to Russia in April, but received no response so far. Peskov said<\/a> he \u201cwas not aware of the details\u201d of Armenia\u2019s proposal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite strained diplomatic relations with Russia, both Pashinyan and Armenia\u2019s legal team claim Armenia\u2019s intention to join the ICC is not directed against the CSTO or Russia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A deterrence effect?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Armenia\u2019s legal team emphasized the ICC as a form of deterrence against possible Azerbaijani assaults directed at Armenia and a means to hold Azerbaijan responsible for the documented<\/a> war crimes committed by Azerbaijani servicemen in September of 2022. In order to cover these attacks, Armenia backdated the ICC jurisdiction to May 10, 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Mischa Gureghian Hall, legal researcher at the Center for Truth and Justice<\/a>, a nonprofit organization established in November 2020 in response to the Nagorno-Karabakh war, while the ICC would not have jurisdiction over any potential crime of aggression<\/a> against the sovereignty of Armenia, the threat of ICC investigation of potential crimes committed as part of an Azerbaijani attack on Armenia would in theory \u201cserve as a sword of Damocles of sorts, making Azerbaijan more reluctant to perpetrate acts of aggression against Armenia.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGiven that Azerbaijan's encroachments into Armenia have so consistently been accompanied by violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law, combating the latter, in theory, should serve to deter the former,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gureghian Hall said becoming a state party to the Rome Statute opens the ICC Office of the Prosecutor up as a new avenue to bring attention to possible international violations by Azerbaijan, \u201cbut one with more teeth\u201d than UN bodies which have so far been used to highlighting human rights abuses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Poghosyan, the ratification of the Rome Statute may not play a role of hard deterrence against further Azerbaijani attacks, but could lead to tensions not just with Russia, but also with Iran and possibly China. In an increasingly divided world order, this move will tie Armenia\u2019s hands and create \u201ca perception that Armenia chose the Western camp and put itself against Russia, Iran, and China,\u201d Poghosyan said. \u201cIran is clearly against the further expansion of Turkish Azerbaijani influence in the South Caucasus and is ready to support Armenia to resist. Problems with Iran and Russia will decrease Armenia's potential to resist Azerbaijani and Turkish pressure and force Armenia to make additional concessions beyond the loss of Artsakh (the local name for Nagorno-Karabakh),\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Azerbaijan has essentially ignored the February ruling<\/a> of the International Court of Justice (ICJ)<\/a> to ensure free movement to Nagorno-Karabakh and kept the lifeline road of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians - the Lachin corridor - blocked for around 10 months with no significant consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Gureghian Hall, given the complex situation around Nagorno-Karabakh, a unique circumstance arises when people are forcibly displaced across borders. Armenians are compelled to leave Nagorno-Karabakh, which falls under Azerbaijani territory, and resettle in Armenia, a potential Rome Statute signatory. And on this basis, Guregian Hall believed the ICC may have the authority to investigate and prosecute this crime in the same way it decided it had jurisdiction over the deportation of the Rohingya from Myanmar<\/a>. \u201cRohingya Muslim civilians were forcibly displaced from Myanmar (not a state party to the Rome Statute) to Bangladesh (a state party to the Rome Statute). In the current situation with the mass displacement of ethnic Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh, the situation is similar,\u201d he said. \u201cI believe, particularly in light of the near-constant dehumanizing rhetoric espoused against ethnic Armenians by the highest echelons of the Azerbaijani state, that the establishment of discriminatory intent in relation to the crime against humanity of persecution would not be difficult,\u201d Guregian Hall said. However, given that Azerbaijan has no explicit obligation for ICC compliance as it isn't a Rome Statute signatory, many raise concern that Azerbaijan would ignore the ICC rulings just as they ignored those from the ICJ by which they were supposed to abide.<\/p>\n\n\n

\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Azerbaijan has gained full control of the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh, leading to mass exodus of Armenians from the enclave. In a move to prevent further attacks from Azerbaijan on Armenia and hold it responsible for potential war crimes, Armenia ratified the Rome Statute, the founding treaty of the International Criminal Court, on October 3. But […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":64,"featured_media":122729,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[562],"tags":[2683],"ji_location":[2105,2113],"class_list":["post-122740","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-icc","tag-war-crime","ji_location-armenia","ji_location-azerbaijan"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nArmenia joins the ICC in a geopolitical tightrope<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Following Azerbaijan's control of Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia joined the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the hope of preventing an escalation of the war and prosecuting possible war crimes.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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