{"id":134447,"date":"2024-07-22T10:55:42","date_gmt":"2024-07-22T08:55:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/?p=134447"},"modified":"2024-07-22T15:35:03","modified_gmt":"2024-07-22T13:35:03","slug":"israeli-occupation-palestine-strong-reactions-tough-icj-ruling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/134447-israeli-occupation-palestine-strong-reactions-tough-icj-ruling.html","title":{"rendered":"Israeli occupation of Palestine: strong reactions after ICJ ruling"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>On Friday 19 July, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) said it considered Israeli policies and practices in the Palestinian territories illegal, that they amounted to annexation, discrimination and segregation. The advisory opinion, requested by the UN General Assembly, orders Israel to end its occupation, and rules that supporting Israel, particularly in military matters, becomes illegal. Justice Info has gathered some of the strong reactions to the ruling.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI\u2019m not sure anybody expected something like this,\u201d says Marko <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/law\/our-staff\/marko-milanovic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Milanovic<\/a>, professor of public international law at Reading University, in the United Kingdom. \u201cSo many areas that were not expected, agrees Hassan ben Imran, of the NGO <a href=\"https:\/\/law4palestine.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Law for Palestine<\/a>\u00a0and the Irish Centre for Human Rights at the University of Galway. \u201cThey were not even on the table. The advisory opinion is actually quite historic. I think it\u2019s a great step in the right direction,\u201d he adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But others disagree. \u201cIt\u2019s extremely superficial. Riddled with very, very, significant omissions,\u201d says Avraham Russel Shalev, lawyer at the conservative Israeli think tank, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kohelet.org.il\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kohelet Policy Forum<\/a>, in Jerusalem. In particular, \u201c\u200byou have no discussion at all of Israel\u2019s legal rights in the territory. They say \u2018No information has been provided to the court to substantiate Israel\u2019s deep historical and valid claims\u2019. But that\u2019s not factual.\u201d he continues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On Friday, 19 July 2024, the United Nations top court gave its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/186\/186-20240719-adv-01-00-en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">advisory opinion<\/a> on a question put by the UN General Assembly, after a resolution adopted on 30 December 2022, following a UN <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/press-releases\/2022\/10\/commission-inquiry-finds-israeli-occupation-unlawful-under-international-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Commission of Inquiry<\/a>. The question was \u00a0whether Israel\u2019s occupation of the Palestinian territories \u2013\u00a0the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem \u2013 was legal or not. After <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/128528-israel-occupation-icj-heart-political-deadlock.html\">having heard the parties<\/a>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/tribunals\/international-court-of-justice-icj\">International Court of Justice (ICJ)<\/a> judges gave their opinion <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/186\/186-20230203-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">on two questions<\/a>: what are the legal consequences of the occupation and what should states do about it.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-encadre\">\r\n\t<p><strong>WHAT DID THE ICJ SAY<\/strong>?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Israel\u2019s ongoing presence in the occupied Palestinian territories is illegal.<\/li>\n<li>Israel must end its presence in the occupied Palestinian territories.<\/li>\n<li>Israel should immediately cease settlement expansion and evacuate all settlers.<\/li>\n<li>Israel is required to make reparations.<\/li>\n<li>The international community and organizations have a duty not to recognize the Israeli presence in the territories as legal and to avoid supporting its maintenance.<\/li>\n<li>The United Nations should consider what actions are necessary to end the Israeli presence in the territories.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The 285-page decision is a multi-pronged examination of many aspects of Israel\u2019s occupation, as a result of the six-day war in 1967, stemming from the principles that occupation should be temporary, and territory cannot be acquired by force. The judges held that an occupation cannot be used as an indefinite form of control and it \u201ccannot transfer title of sovereignty to the occupying power.\u201d Moreover, the occupying state bears a \u201cduty to administer the territory for the benefit of the local population\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe big thing here\u201d, says Milanovic is \u201cthe distinction between violations of the law during occupation and occupation as such, violating international law.\u201d The judges are&nbsp;\u201cbasically telling Israel, it\u2019s enough. You just have to leave. And that is a really big step\u201d.&nbsp;But Shalev says that \u201cfor most Israelis, you know, the Israeli on the street who isn\u2019t a legal expert, but also, policymakers, there\u2019s a feeling of, what\u2019s new here? Same old, same old\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-israel-s-practices-amount-to-annexation\">Israel\u2019s practices amount to annexation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In fact, the court had previously said so in its 2004 advisory opinion known as \u201cThe Wall\u201d \u2013 when it ruled that Israel\u2019s settlement policies violate the Geneva Convention prohibition on transferring the occupying power\u2019s own civilians into an occupied territory.&nbsp;But this time, the court went further about how the settlement policy amounts to annexation:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe Court comes to the conclusion that Israel\u2019s policies and practices, including the maintenance and expansion of settlements, the construction of associated infrastructure, and the wall, the exploitation of natural resources, the proclamation of Jerusalem as Israel\u2019s capital, the comprehensive application of Israeli domestic law in East Jerusalem and its extensive application in the West Bank, entrench Israel\u2019s control of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, notably of East Jerusalem and of Area C of the West Bank. These policies and practices are designed to remain in place indefinitely and to create irreversible effects on the ground. Consequently, the Court considers that these policies and practices amount to annexation of large parts of the occupied Palestinian territory.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-systemic-discrimination-on-land-and-water\">Systemic discrimination on land and water<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Israel applies its own laws on Israeli settlers in areas of the West Bank and in East Jerusalem, which is part of the occupied territories: \u201cIn the Court\u2019s view, differential treatment of Palestinians can give rise to discrimination\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For the Court, \u201cthe public property confiscated or requisitioned for the development of Israeli settlements benefits the civilian population of settlers, to the detriment of the local Palestinian population\u201d, which also violates international law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, \u201cIsrael\u2019s policy of exploitation of natural resources in the occupied Palestinian territory is inconsistent with its obligation to respect the Palestinian people\u2019s right to permanent sovereignty over natural resources\u201d. Israel, said the court, has applied a discriminatory water policy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Court also addressed Israel\u2019s discriminatory planning policies, the demolition of Palestinian homes and other legislation, concluding that \u201cthe regime of comprehensive restrictions imposed by Israel on Palestinians in the occupied Palestinian territory constitutes systemic discrimination based on, inter alia, race, religion or ethnic origin\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-court-stops-short-of-using-the-word-apartheid\">The Court stops short of using the word \u2018apartheid\u2019<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Israel\u2019s actions violate the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination prohibition on \u201csegregation and apartheid,\u201d said the judges. But the ICJ stopped short of determining whether the situation constitutes \u2018only\u2019 segregation or, in fact, amounts to \u2018apartheid\u2019. That ambiguity on apartheid was likely deliberate, allowing as many judges as possible to join the majority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cFor something like this, they want to have as big a majority of judges as possible,\u201d says Milanovic. \u201cAlthough there may not be absolute clarity on apartheid, it\u2019s a good starting point,\u201d comments Zaki Sarraf of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icjpalestine.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">International Centre of Justice for Palestinians<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All this analysis combined towards the decision that Israel, by its continued, indefinite, discriminatory and annexational control of the territories is violating the Palestinians\u2019 right to self-determination and the prohibition on the acquisition of territory by force.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe Court\u2019s bottom line was thus very clear: Israel\u2019s continued presence in the occupied Palestinian territory is illegal. It must bring an end to its presence there \u2018as rapidly as possible,\u2019 and it must \u2018immediately\u2019 cease all new settlement activity,\u201d writes in <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.md\/myzk5#selection-959.0-999.117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Haaretz<\/a> Aeyal Grossman, <em>a professor of constitutional and international law at Tel Aviv University<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-about-israel-s-security\">What about Israel\u2019s security?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Shalev from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kohelet.org.il\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kohelet Policy Forum<\/a> says that the question the judges were considering was based on \u201ca series of assumptions, that there is a Palestinian territory, that there is prolonged occupation, that there are discriminatory practices\u201d. Obviously, if there\u2019s no consideration whatsoever of Israel, both its historical claims and its security concerns, \u201cit is rather jarring\u201d, he adds.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Milanovic suggests that if the state of Israel had wanted to make the judges completely aware of the\u00a0security situation, it \u201cshould have actually come to the court,\u201d and present its evidence. \u201cNothing prevented Israel from going there and explaining to the court all that needed to be explained security-wise.\u201d Nevertheless, he agrees that \u201cthe court should have explained a bit more why it thinks there\u2019s no possible justification for Israel by way of self-defence. It\u2019s a bit odd to just ignore, just pretend like there\u2019s no Hamas and that Israel is not being attacked\u201d.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cConsidering that hundreds of thousands of Israeli soldiers have had to be called up, that there\u2019s that there\u2019s intense fighting going on for close to a year, that Hamas is still the one that controls the ground in most places in the Gaza Strip, the assumption that the Gaza Strip is still occupied by Israel is an absurdity,\u201d says Shalev.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-encadre\">\r\n\t<p><strong>REACTIONS TO THE ICJ ADVISORY OPINION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Justice Info asked its interviewees to sum up their opinion in a few words:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u201cVery good\u201d \u2013 Hassan ben Imran (Law for Palestine)<\/p>\n<p>\u201cVindication\u201d \u2013 Zaki Sarraf (International Centre of Justice for Palestinians)<\/p>\n<p>\u201cGround-breaking\u201d \u2013\u00a0Marko Milanovic (Reading University)<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSuperficial\u201d \u2013\u00a0Russell Avraham Shalev (the Kohelet Policy Forum).<\/p>\n<p><strong>From public sources, the reactions have been equally strong:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u201cA changing Advisory Opinion\u201d \u2013\u00a0Juliette McIntyre (University of South Australia)<\/p>\n<p>\u201cA watershed moment\u201d \u2013\u00a0Palestinian Ministry of Foreign Affairs<\/p>\n<p>\u201cInevitable\u201d \u2013\u00a0Eliav Lieblich (Tel Aviv University)<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIllusory and despicable\u201d \u2013\u00a0Yuli Edelstein (Israeli Foreign Affairs and Security Committee)<\/p>\n<p>\u201cFundamentally warped, one-sided, and wrong\u201d \u2013\u00a0Israel Katz (Israeli Foreign Affairs Minister)<\/p>\n<p>\u201cContrary to justice, the Bible, morality, and international law\u201d \u2013 Israel Gantz (Binyamin Regional Council)<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWow\u201d \u2013\u00a0from Alonso Gurmendi (Kings College London).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-weapons-exports-to-israel-challenged\">Weapons\u2019 exports to Israel challenged<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For Palestinian justice campaigners, \u201cthis advisory opinion presents you with a number of legal tools that could be pursued to advance the Palestinian legal struggle,\u201d says Ben Imran. \u201cIt\u2019s great to see that clarity,\u201d agrees Sarraf. \u201cThe advisory opinion from the ICJ makes it clear that at the highest level, Israel\u2019s treatment of Palestinians cannot go on\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The opinion implies that states must not recognise Israel\u2019s conduct as lawful and must cease aid and assistance to Israel in furtherance of its illegal conduct. \u201cSo, I don\u2019t see how that can be reconciled with continued arms exports to Israel when we know about the credible allegations of international crimes,\u201d says Saraf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the ICJ, there are several ongoing cases concerning the continuing war in Gaza under the Genocide Convention. One is brought by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/130712-nicaragua-extends-legal-battle-palestine.html\">Nicaragua against Germany<\/a>, where Berlin is accused of breaching international law by supplying weapons and support to Israel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Several domestic cases have also been brought concerning arms exports to Israel. In the Netherlands, a court has ruled that the government should not be supplying arms, but that case is awaiting consideration on appeal by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs.&nbsp;In the United Kingdom, lawyers have challenged London\u2019s exports of arms to Israel in connection with the current Israeli campaign in Gaza. That UK case is due to be heard in October.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This advisory opinion \u201cis going to have a real-life impact on the situation that\u2019s happening now in Gaza,\u201d says Sarraf. \u201cIf the UK wants to continue providing arms, I think we could really bring a strong case for complicity of the UK in terms of the facilitation of war crimes, crimes against humanity and a plausible genocide in Palestine.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meanwhile, a stone\u2019s throw from the ICJ is the International Criminal Court (ICC) also based in The Hague, which has an ongoing investigation into alleged crimes in the Palestinian territories. Pre-trial judges are currently considering <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/132115-israel-palestine-moment-truth.html\">whether to approve arrest warrants<\/a> against both senior Hamas and senior Israeli officials, including Israel\u2019s Prime Minister and Defence Minister, on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity in relation to the Gaza conflict.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-icj-opinion-a-legal-basis-for-un-sanctions\">The ICJ opinion, a legal basis for UN sanctions?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Grossman argues in <a href=\"#selection-1381.0-1381.341\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Haaretz<\/a> that after this ICJ opinion, \u201clegally, Israel will no longer be able to argue that its occupation is \u2018temporary\u2019 until an agreement in the indeterminate future is reached\u201d.&nbsp;For Shalev, the opinion is \u201call negative\u201d which reflects \u201ca set of Palestinian maximalist demands, but it\u2019s so disconnected from the way Israelis look at a conflict now, if it weren\u2019t so absurd, it would be amusing\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In practical terms, says Ben Imran, it is now \u201cthe job of the United Nations General Assembly to translate the judges\u2019 words into actual, practical, steps\u201d. \u201cOne could be financial economic sanctions, another could be diplomatic sanctions,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ben Imran looks back to the international campaign against apartheid in South Africa, when \u201ceveryone realised that the only way forward to pressure apartheid South Africa to come to its senses was to isolate them politically\u201d. Therefore, \u201cthe question of unseating Israel from the UN can actually seriously come to table based on this advisory opinion\u201d, he adds.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-first-necessary-step-forward-for-palestinians\">\u201cA first, necessary step\u201d forward for Palestinians<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To those who say that this opinion will likely go nowhere, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.md\/myzk5#selection-1381.0-1381.341\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Grossman<\/a> looks back to 1971, when the ICJ held that South Africa\u2019s continued control of Namibia was illegal, and wrote: \u201cThe Court considers that the qualification of a situation as illegal does not by itself put an end to it. It can only be the first, necessary step in an endeavour to bring the illegal situation to an end.\u201d \u201cThese words may well resonate today,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cDo not discount the power of authoritative statements in the formation of world order,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/Alonso_GD\/status\/1814318471749963960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">warns<\/a> on X (ex-Twitter) academic Alonso Gurmendi of King\u2019s College, London, who sees this case in the context \u201cof much larger arc\u201d, going back to decades, from when Palestine barely registered to now with the observer state status at the UN. He believes that the ruling strengthens Palestine\u2019s and weakens Israel\u2019s position.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cPalestinians have matured enough over the generations to know that justice will never come from a court. It\u2019s not going to come from The Hague,\u201d says Ben Imran, \u201cbut this advisory opinion is a huge step forward, that does revive a bit of trust or, let\u2019s say, plant some seeds of hope for Palestinians to at least look further toward these institutions of law\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"articleLink articleLink--editorRecommanded articleLink--textInImage articleLink--textTop\" style=\"\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"articleLinkSurTitle\">Recommended reading<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<a class=\"articleLinkImageLink\" href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/132249-is-booking-com-profiting-from-war-crimes-in-palestine.html\"><div class=\"articleLinkImageContainer \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Israel-Palestine_Booking-occupied-territories-West-Bank-settlement-Kfar-Adumim-540x360.jpg\" class=\"articleLinkImage backgroundImageTag w-100 wp-post-image\" alt=\"A criminal complaint has been filed against Booking.com for money laundering in connection with war crimes. 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The advisory opinion, requested by the UN General Assembly, orders Israel to end its occupation, and rules that supporting Israel, particularly in military matters, becomes [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":79,"featured_media":134454,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4140],"tags":[2894],"ji_location":[2285,2403],"class_list":["post-134447","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-international-court-of-justice-icj","tag-colonialism","ji_location-israel","ji_location-palestine"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.3.1 (Yoast SEO v25.3.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>ICJ ruling on Israel&#039;s occupation of Palestine: strong reactions<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"On Friday 19 July, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered an advisory opinion ordering Israel to end its occupation. 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