{"id":138944,"date":"2024-11-29T10:45:54","date_gmt":"2024-11-29T09:45:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/?p=138944"},"modified":"2025-01-09T11:32:40","modified_gmt":"2025-01-09T10:32:40","slug":"battle-climate-icj","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/138944-battle-climate-icj.html","title":{"rendered":"The battle for the climate takes on the ICJ\u00a0\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The COP29 just ended in Azerbaijan with a financial agreement deemed insufficient by many participants. Now states of the Global South and environmental campaigners are pinning their hopes on the legal battle being waged before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague, where public hearings begin on December 2.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe commitments made in Baku \u2014 the dollar amounts pledged and the emissions reductions promised \u2014 are not enough. They were never going to be enough. And even then, based on our experience with such pledges in the past, we know they will not be fulfilled.\u201d This bitter assessment of the 29th<\/sup> Climate Conference (COP29<\/a>) is made by Ralph Regenvanu, special envoy for climate change and environment for the Republic of Vanuatu, a Melanesian archipelago and one of states most affected by climate change in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

His view was shared by many countries of the Global South at the end of COP29. On 22 November in Baku, Azerbaijan, the conference concluded with a commitment by the countries present to contribute $300 billion a year to help developing countries adapt to climate change by 2035. This is three times the current figure of $100 billion a year, but well short of the $1,300 billion a year requested by the Africa group at the COP, or the $1,000 billion a year in public and private money deemed necessary by the group of experts commissioned by the UN. \u201cThis has been the most horrendous climate negotiations in years due to the bad faith of developed countries,\u201d says Tasneem Essop, executive director of Climate Action Network, a global network of environmental NGOs, who calls the negotiations a \u201cbetrayal in Baku\u201d<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The conference was a major disappointment for a number of countries of the global South, some of which had already expressed their refusal to return to the negotiating table even before this COP was held. Like Papua New Guinea, whose minister of Foreign affairs, Justin Tkatchenko, described the Baku conference as a \u201ccomplete waste of time\u201d. \u201cThe UN negotiations are not going fast enough. We have to be there. I am afraid if we're not at the [negotiating] table, we will be on the menu,\u201d admits Regenvanu. \u201cThe frustration that is felt is the very reason why we are taking this course of action\u201d before the International Court of Justice (ICJ)<\/a>, he adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For states like Vanuatu, all efforts are now focused on a single institution: the Court in The Hague, which is asked to issue an \u201cadvisory opinion\u201d on the \u201cobligations\u201d incumbent on states responsible for climate change and their \u201clegal consequences\u201d. \u201cThis includes obligations to finance adaptation and mitigation in vulnerable countries and to address loss and damage. It could help close the glaring gaps in climate finance that COP29 once again left unresolved,\u201d says the special envoy of Vanuatu, whose state initiated this legal battle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vanuatu in the front line at the ICJ<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

According to the October 2024 report from the United Nations Environmental Programme, global greenhouse gas emissions continued to increase in 2023<\/a>. The G20 countries, excluding the African Union, are responsible for 77% of all emissions. In comparison, the 47 least developed countries combined were responsible for just 3%. Vanuatu contributes only 0.02% of global greenhouse gas emissions<\/a>, yet suffers disproportionately from climate impact. \u201cFor decades, Pacific Island States have experienced devastating impacts of climate change, including increasingly severe cyclones, rising sea levels and land degradation,\u201d says Regenvanu. \u201cWe are on the frontlines of climate change impacts. We are witnessing the destruction of our lands and livelihoods, our culture, and our human rights. We are resilient people, but resilience is not enough.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2019, a group of law students from the University of the South Pacific in Fiji launched a campaign to urge Pacific Island governments to go to court at the ICJ. \u201cClimate change for us is not a distant threat. It is reshaping our lives right now. Our islands are at risk, our communities face disruptive change at a rate and scale that generations before us have not known,\u201d says Vishal Prasad, campaign director of the Pacific Islands Students Fighting Climate Change (PISFCC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government of Vanuatu decided to respond to this request and, with the support of a coalition of countries, drafted a resolution presented to the UN General Assembly to bring the case before the Court. For Vanuatu, this is \u201ca pivotal moment in our journey to establish a stronger framework of accountability, one that sets clear international legal obligations for climate action\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe biggest case in human history\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

On 29 March 2023, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution<\/a> that was described as a \u201chistoric\u201d step forward by NGOs and many of the 130 co-sponsors of the text. In this resolution, the Assembly asked the ICJ to issue an advisory opinion on two main questions<\/a>: \u201cWhat are the obligations of States under international law to ensure the protection of the climate system and other parts of the environment from anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases for States and for present and future generations?\u201d; and \u201cwhat are the legal consequences under these obligations for States where they, by their acts and omissions, have caused significant harm to the climate system and other parts of the environment?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These two questions call on the Court to respond to the damage suffered both by States \u2013 in particular small island developing States, \u201cspecially affected\u201d or \u201cparticularly vulnerable\u201d \u2013 and by \u201cpeoples and individuals of the present and future generations affected by the adverse effects of climate change\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The request for an advisory opinion was transmitted to the Court by UN Secretary-General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres on 12 April 2023. Since then, a total of 91 written statements and 62 additional written comments<\/a> have been filed in the Court\u2019s registry. \u201cWe have seen strong backing from nations across Latin America, Africa, Europe, and Asia. This isn\u2019t simply about island nations \u2014 it is about all countries. This broad coalition sends a powerful message, and that is, the destruction from climate change violates fundamental principles of international law,\u201d says Cristelle Pratt, deputy Secretary general of the Organisation of African Caribbean and Pacific states (OACPS), which represents 79 countries, \u201call vulnerable\u201d, and will be speaking before the Court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Starting on 2 December 2024, the ICJ will begin hearing 94 nations and 12 inter-governmental organisations, including the European Union and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The hearings will last two weeks. \u201cIn terms of participation, we can safely say that this is the biggest case in human history,\u201d says Margaretha Wewerinke-Singh, legal counsel for Vanuatu\u2019s ICJ case and international lawyer at Blue Ocean Law. \u201cThe level of participation is unprecedented, throwing into stark relief the urgency scale and devastating impacts of the climate crisis and the need for collective clarity on some of the most critical legal issues of our generation,\u201d says Joie Chowdhury, a lawyer with the NGO Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The lawyers are counting in particular on the human aspect of the situations and damages suffered by the populations to convince the Court. \u201cIn multilateral fora or climate litigation, it becomes all about carbon emissions, targets and budgets\u201d, says Chowdhury. \u201cHowever, these hearings allow the human element. For example, in the Chagos case<\/a>, there was a witness who spoke, and it set the way the case was being discussed and advanced on a completely different course. It changed the very atmosphere of the courtroom.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meeting with IPCC scientists<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

On 26 November 2024, the members of the Court met with a group of past and present authors of the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)<\/a>, to \u201cenhance the Court\u2019s understanding of the key scientific findings which the IPCC has delivered through its periodic assessment reports covering the scientific basis, impacts and future risks of climate change, and options for adaptation and mitigation\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The meeting took place ahead of the Court\u2019s hearings, which begin on 2 December and include statements from dozens of countries, including Vanuatu, South Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, China, Burkina Faso, the United States, the Solomon and Marshall Islands, France, Brazil and Cameroon. The ICJ will conclude its hearings on 13 December with several entities representing Pacific countries, as well as the EU, OPEC, the World Health Organisation and the International Union for Conservation of Nature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAdvisory proceedings are timely and much needed to remind states that we cannot stay within the realm of empty pledges, that there are existing legal obligations to act ambitiously on the climate crisis,\u201d says Chowdhury. \u201cI\u2019ve been at COPs, and often what we see is that they seem to start negotiating from first principles as if existing law does not exist, and at least that would not be the case anymore. You would be able to point that \u2018look, this is an authoritative interpretation of binding law by the ICJ, this matter has been discussed, and we cannot just bring it back to the table and pretend that this does not exist\u2019, and this can help break the deadlock that we\u2019re seeing on some very critical issues.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Besides facilitating climate negotiations, the advisory opinion could also serve as a precedent, Regenvanu says. \u201cThere must be thousands of litigation cases all over the world, from the lowest courts to the highest courts. This is a precedent, a legal authority, that will help all cases.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While ICJ opinions are not binding, they do carry legal and moral weight, often taken into account by national courts. The lawyers admit, however, that there are difficulties in dealing with states such as China, who never accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, or the United States who withdrew from it. But \u201cthis does not completely cut off their exposure from the court\u2019s jurisdiction\u201d, assures Chowdhury, who describes the future advisory opinion as a new \u201clegal tool\u201d for obtaining justice. For Regenvanu, \u201cit doesn\u2019t really matter\u201d: \u201cthe outcome will be applicable to them as it is to other states.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the disappointment of COP29, the hopes of micro-States and countries in the South faced with climate change therefore lie in this advisory opinion from the ICJ and in its ability to respond to them in a clear and decisive manner. For Regenvanu, it is \u201can opportunity to clarify what nations owe to each other and to the generations yet to come, it's also an opportunity to move forward with moral clarity,\u201d he says. \u201cThe inability of the Global North to make a dent in the climate crisis \u2013 much less derail it \u2013 is a global tragedy. We need justice and we need it urgently.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n

\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
Recommended reading<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t
\"Climate<\/div><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\tWhy those experiencing \"climate hell\" are taking their case to the UN Court\r\n\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The COP29 just ended in Azerbaijan with a financial agreement deemed insufficient by many participants. Now states of the Global South and environmental campaigners are pinning their hopes on the legal battle being waged before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague, where public hearings begin on December 2.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":135,"featured_media":138930,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[561,4140],"tags":[3773],"ji_location":[2567,4037],"class_list":["post-138944","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environmental-justice","category-international-court-of-justice-icj","tag-climate-justice","ji_location-international","ji_location-vanuatu"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe battle for the climate takes on the International Court of Justice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Disappointed by COP29, states of the Global South and environmental campaigners are counting on the legal battle for the climate before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague, where public hearings begin on 2 December.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/138944-battle-climate-icj.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The battle for the climate takes on the ICJ\u00a0\u00a0\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Disappointed by COP29, states of the Global South and environmental campaigners are counting on the legal battle for the climate before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague, where public hearings begin on 2 December.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/138944-battle-climate-icj.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"JusticeInfo.net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JusticeInfo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-29T09:45:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-01-09T10:32:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Vanuatu_cyclone-Pam_@Modis-Nasa.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Golnouche K. 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