{"id":142170,"date":"2025-02-28T11:44:13","date_gmt":"2025-02-28T10:44:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/?p=142170"},"modified":"2025-02-28T11:44:15","modified_gmt":"2025-02-28T10:44:15","slug":"dark-chapter-swiss-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/142170-dark-chapter-swiss-history.html","title":{"rendered":"This was a \u201cdark chapter in Swiss history\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

On February 19, Switzerland admitted it committed a \u201ccrime against humanity\u201d in removing thousands of Traveller children from their families over a period of 50 years. Adult Yenish and Sinti people were also victimized. This is the first time Switzerland has admitted commission of an international crime.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

In a historic first, the Swiss federal government on February 19 recognized a 20th<\/sup> century policy of forcibly removing Yenish and Manouche\/Sinti children from their families as a \u201ccrime against humanity\u201d \u2013 but not a \u201ccultural genocide\u201d, as claimed by some Traveller associations and historians. Reiterating a previous apology in 2013, it said this recognition would not lead to criminal proceedings, but rather a work of remembrance and discussion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAfter countless years, it confirms my personal feelings and those of many Yenish people affected,\u201d says Uschi Waser, a 72-year-old Yenish woman who was taken from her family at six months old. \u201cThe fact that it was a crime against humanity committed against the Yenish is now clearly documented.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Between 1926 and 1973, the \u201cChildren of the Country Road\u201d project of Swiss charity Pro Juventute, with which the government had close connections, took around 600 Yenish children away from their families. They were forcibly placed in homes or in foster families. The Yenish are a semi-nomadic people from mostly German-speaking Europe. They do not identify with eastern European Roms. They have been present since the 11th<\/sup> century in what is today\u2019s Switzerland, where they are recognized as a national minority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Manouche\/Sinti communities \u2013 other Traveller ethnic groups \u2013 were also victims of the Swiss charity\u2019s project, and authorities and church aid organizations were involved too. According to the government<\/a>, it should therefore be assumed that around 2,000 Traveller children were forcibly removed from their families.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition, says the government press release<\/a>, \u201cadults who were placed in out-of-home care during their minority years were placed under guardianship or in institutions, forbidden to marry and, in some cases, forcibly sterilized\u201d. Speaking in an interview<\/a> with Swiss public broadcaster RTS, Interior Minister Elisabeth Baume-Schneider described all this as \u201ca dark chapter in our history\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cInhumanity, violence and abuse\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The government recognition follows increasing pressure from Traveller organizations to recognize a \u201ccultural genocide\u201d, and a government-commissioned legal opinion<\/a> by Zurich University international law professor Oliver Diggelmann. \u201cIt was a really remarkable step by our government to recognize that it could be called crimes against humanity according to contemporary standards,\u201d Diggelmann told Justice Info. This is the first time Switzerland has admitted commission of an international crime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Waser, who has since 1989 been president of the Stiftung Naschet Jenische<\/a>, says her young life was marked by \u201cinhumanity, violence and abuse\u201d. She is not the last survivor, she told Justice Info, but \u201cmany cannot talk about it and shy away from the public, so I try to be their voice too\u201d. Her organization supports Yenish people affected by the \u201cChildren of the Country Road\u201d project and liaises with authorities, schools and others working with the Yenish in Switzerland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Waser says she was taken away<\/a> from her parents at the age of six months in a police van. She was then moved multiple times. \u201cThere was a lack of humanity and warmth in all the homes and institutions,\u201d she says. \u201cA lot of corporal punishment and psychological terror was the order of the day. I was abused by my stepfather for years and raped by an uncle on the night of my 14th<\/sup> birthday. As punishment, I was sent to the last reformatory surrounded by three-metre high walls with barbed wire, until I was 18 years old.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are a number of organizations and projects in Switzerland working with the Yenish and other Traveller groups. The \u201cOur Faces, our Stories<\/a>\u201d project, for example, encourages people who suffered under the \u201cChildren of the Country Road\u201d campaign to talk about their experiences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Crime against humanity or genocide?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAccording to current standards of international law on state responsibility, the persecution of the Yenish, which can be described as a \u2018crime against humanity\u2019, is attributable to the Swiss State,\u201d says the legal opinion on which the government\u2019s announcement is based, but \u201cunder current international law, the persecution of the Swiss Yenish cannot be classified as \u2018genocide\u2019.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It says their persecution includes acts that could be constituents of genocide, such as forcible transfer of children from one group to another and measures to prevent births, but \u201cgenocidal intent cannot be established\u201d within the meaning of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<\/a>, i.e. the intention to destroy a group physically or biologically. \u201cAccording to historical facts, even measures to prevent births were not intended to destroy the group biologically, but to ensure its assimilation and prevent the advent of more \u2018nomadism\u2019,\u201d it continues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But some, like historian Thomas Huonker, disagree. \u201cIt was systematic persecution of a whole ethnic group, with the aim of destroying the group,\u201d he told public broadcaster RTS<\/a> in an interview. And he believes there was that intent. \u201cAs early as 1943, Pro Juventute said we might not have succeeded in re-educating them in a sedentary, bourgeois sense, but at least we have managed to reduce their numbers. And that went on for another 30 years,\u201d said Huonker. Amongst the means for doing this, he cites prohibitions of marriage or sexual relations, and detention in institutions where members of the Traveller community had no contact with the other sex. Women from this group were also forcibly sterilised.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Remembrance and reparations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Following the legal opinion it commissioned, the government admits a crime against humanity committed by Swiss authorities in the past. But this does not mean opening criminal proceedings, Interior Minister Baume-Schneider told RTS. \u201cTime has passed. It\u2019s about opening up a duty of remembrance and transmission and recognizing that, in our humanist country under rule of law, our minorities are entitled to respect and protection. Switzerland failed to protect these minorities.\u201d She said the authorities now intend to engage in dialogue to improve recognition of the nomadic lifestyle of these minorities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government says<\/a> it has already taken steps since 1983 on remembrance and reparations. These include commissioning historical studies, supporting some Traveller organizations and some money for reparations. In 1988 and 1992 a total of 11 million Swiss francs was approved to set up a reparation fund for victims of the \u201cChildren of the Country Road\u201d project. Victims were able to come forward to claim individual reparations, according to a government spokesman. Waser says payments were between CHF 2,000 (USD 2,223) and CHF 17,000. She got CHF 17,000 because she was \u201cexternally controlled\u201d until the age of 18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A 2014 law on rehabilitation of people placed in administrative detention<\/a> provided for a support fund. These were not just members of the Traveller community. Some 60,000 Swiss<\/a> are thought to have been subject to this forced placement system, mainly people from poor backgrounds or considered socially marginalized, such as single mothers and the unemployed. A 2017 law provides for assistance to people placed outside their families prior to 1981, including \u201csolidarity contributions\u201d and support to victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Waser says there is still much to be done. She thinks the government must do more to provide \u201cstopping places for Yenish and Sinti who want to live the travelling culture, and the appropriate schooling model for them, up to a recognized school-leaving certificate\u201d. More also needs to be done, she says, on the justice system at the time and its \u201ccriminal judicial decisions\u201d. Many girls and boys were victims of sexual abuse, she explains, and some victims had the courage to report the perpetrators at the time, resulting in court proceedings and judgments. But, she continues: \u201cHow were decisions made back then? Who represented the rights of the victims? How biased the judgments because we were cared for in institutions?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n

\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
Recommended reading<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t
\"\"<\/div><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\tRaw truth of Swiss administrative detention finally made public\r\n\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On February 19, Switzerland admitted it committed a \u201ccrime against humanity\u201d in removing thousands of Traveller children from their families over a period of 50 years. Adult Yenish and Sinti people were also victimized. This is the first time Switzerland has admitted commission of an international crime.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":57,"featured_media":142166,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[545,544],"tags":[2653,2635],"ji_location":[2497],"class_list":["post-142170","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-memory","category-reparations","tag-crime-against-humanity","tag-genocide-2","ji_location-switzerland"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nNomads: This was a \u201cdark chapter in Swiss history\u201d<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This is the first time Switzerland has admitted commission of an international crime. In removing thousands of Traveller children from their families over a period of 50 years, the Swiss government committed a "crime against humanity". 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In removing thousands of Traveller children from their families over a period of 50 years, the Swiss government committed a \"crime against humanity\". 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Photo: \u00a9 Roger Gottier \/ Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 pour les peuples menac\u00e9s Suisse"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/142170-dark-chapter-swiss-history.html#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"This was a \u201cdark chapter in Swiss history\u201d"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/","name":"JusticeInfo.net","description":"For justice to be done, it must be seen","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#organization","name":"Justice Info","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/justiceinfo_logo-trans_1200x1200px.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/justiceinfo_logo-trans_1200x1200px.png","width":1199,"height":1200,"caption":"Justice Info"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JusticeInfo\/","https:\/\/x.com\/justiceinfonet","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/justice-info","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCyCEsARodyuWtkWyhn-e7pA"]},{"@type":"Person","name":"jcrawford","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Juliacra","https:\/\/x.com\/JuliaCrawford13"],"url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/auteur\/jcrawford"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/142170","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/57"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=142170"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/142170\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":142173,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/142170\/revisions\/142173"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/142166"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=142170"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=142170"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=142170"},{"taxonomy":"ji_location","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ji_location?post=142170"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}