{"id":147364,"date":"2025-07-03T11:01:03","date_gmt":"2025-07-03T09:01:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/?p=147364"},"modified":"2025-07-03T11:01:04","modified_gmt":"2025-07-03T09:01:04","slug":"crime-of-aggression-high-pressure-icc-new-york","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/147364-crime-of-aggression-high-pressure-icc-new-york.html","title":{"rendered":"Crime of aggression: high pressure for ICC in New York"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>As states representatives gather in New York next week for a special International Criminal Court session, they face exceptional diplomatic pressure to influence their discussions on amending the court\u2019s crime of aggression.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p>In recent weeks three major political detonations have brought home the timeliness of the discussion in New York on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/tag\/crime-of-aggression\">crime of aggression<\/a>. One has been the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/portal\/-\/ukraine-and-the-council-of-europe-sign-agreement-on-establishing-a-special-tribunal-for-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine\">birth<\/a> of a new court under the auspices of the Council of Europe on aggression, solely in relation to Ukraine. The second has been a nebulous <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/peace-agreement-between-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-and-the-republic-of-rwanda\/\">peace treaty<\/a> negotiated under US auspices between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The third was the Israeli <a href=\"https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2025\/06\/1164401\">attack<\/a> on Iranian nuclear sites, joined by the United States.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From July 7 to 9, at the United Nations headquarters in New York, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/tribunals\/icc\">International Criminal Court (ICC)<\/a> state members are due to undertake <a href=\"https:\/\/asp.icc-cpi.int\/sessions\/documentation\/special-session-2025\">a highly technical discussion<\/a> on this politically explosive topic to agree or not an amendment to its statute. This amendment would enable the prosecution of those deemed responsible for aggression against any of the court\u2019s member states which has ratified the new provisions.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-heat-is-on-now\">\u201cThe heat is on now\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Unsurprisingly, pressure is being put on delegates from a non-member state, the United States, with a sharply worded diplomatic note, seen by Justice Info, which expresses \u201cgrave concerns\u201d over efforts to&nbsp;\u201cexpand the Court\u2019s jurisdiction over the crime of aggression, including over non-States Parties\u201d. The demarche goes on to threaten to use \u201call appropriate and effective diplomatic, political, and legal instruments to block the ICC\u2019s assertion of such jurisdiction\u201d. The court lies already under threat of further <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/presidential-actions\/2025\/02\/imposing-sanctions-on-the-international-criminal-court\/\">sanctions<\/a> from Washington DC, having singled out the prosecutor and four judges, on the basis that the court is targeting a main US ally - Israel - with warrants for arrest.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Justice Info has also learnt of other diplomatic manoeuvres including states suggesting a change of venue from New York to The Hague amid uncertainties over the current US visa regime, raising questions over the United Nations usual provision of diplomatic privileges to ICC meetings. Every three years, the court\u2019s member states gather in New York, to elect a new roster of judges. \u201cPeople are not rolling over and saying, okay we\u2019re not doing this,\u201d said one senior diplomatic source who asked not to be named. But \u201cit\u2019s clearly getting much harder and the heat is on now.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, a group of ICC states including Canada, France, the UK, Japan and New Zealand, have circulated a counterproposal which would postpone any decision to amend the Rome Statute. According to the version seen by Justice Info, states would agree instead of discussing the proposal on the table \u201cthat additional time is required to allow for further dialogue, with a view to reaching consensus on potential amendments to the Rome Statute, bearing in mind the complexity and importance of the issue at hand\u201d and that they would\u00a0\u201cconvene a review conference to consider this proposal\u201d which would only take place once the current crime of aggression provisions had been ratified by two-thirds of State Parties. Currently less than one third have ratified \u00a0them.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div class=\"ArticleNewsletterCTA\">\r\n\t\t<div class=\"ArticleNewsletterCTATitle\">FIND THIS ARTICLE INTERESTING?<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div class=\"ArticleNewsletterCTAText\">\r\n\t\t\t<a href=\"\/en\/newsletter\">Sign up now for our (free) newsletter<\/a> to make sure you don't miss out on other publications of this type. \t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-juridical-monster-created-to-satisfy-the-us\"><strong>\u201cA juridical monster created to satisfy the US\u201d<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To understand what is at stake, it\u2019s necessary to go back to the way the ICC was set up. When, back in Rome when the ICC Statute was written in 1998, there were four international crimes, derived from the legacy of the Nuremberg tribunal \u2013 war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide and aggression. But, on the latest, even the definition couldn\u2019t be agreed, and any decision was put off for many years after.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At a special review conference held in Kampala in 2010 a definition was agreed and a complex series of rules - \u201cthe conditions for the exercise of jurisdiction\u201d were laid out says Astrid Reisinger Coracini, from the Salzburg Law School. Part of those rules essentially mirrored the way that any situation could be referred by the UN to the court for the three other international crimes. But, in addition, states came up with a whole new way to agree to the court\u2019s jurisdiction. \u201cMost importantly, the ICC can only exercise its jurisdiction over a crime of aggression arising from an act of aggression that is committed by a state party that has not opted out of the court\u2019s jurisdiction\u201d says Reisinger Coracini. \u201cIn other words, the ICC can never exercise its jurisdiction over a crime of aggression committed by a non-state party. And that\u2019s why the ICC cannot exercise its jurisdiction over aggression committed against Ukraine\u201d, she says.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIt was a juridical monster that was created to satisfy the Americans\u201d, adds David Donat Cattin, from New York University, \u201cwith a very narrow exercise of jurisdiction of the ICC.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-two-parallel-jurisdictional-regimes-at-the-icc\">\u201cTwo parallel jurisdictional regimes at the ICC\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The actual meeting in New York was triggered by the agreement already made in Kampala to review the provision. Next week will see attempts to rebalance that kink which left nearly no room for any potential ICC investigations, with a new <a href=\"https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/doc\/Publication\/CN\/2025\/CN.162.2025-Eng.pdf\">proposal<\/a> from Costa Rica, Germany, Sierra Leone, Slovenia and Vanuatu. WIt provides any victims from an ICC member state which has signed up to the new elements with potential intervention from the court. This proposal is described as \u201charmonisation\u201d by its supporters, \u201cbecause we would not have two parallel jurisdictional regimes ongoing at the ICC\u201d says Reisinger Coracini.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you read the plethora of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ejiltalk.org\/the-scope-of-icc-jurisdiction-over-the-crime-of-aggression-a-different-perspective\/\">articles<\/a> which questioned what was agreed in Kampala seven years ago and how it would work, a clearer provision sounds preferable. \u201cStates are now finally ready to amend their shameful decision to exempt the nationals of non-state parties,\u201d says Donat Cattin.&nbsp;Germany has played an important role, especially as the new tribunal for aggression against Ukraine was created. \u201cSo that in the future, it would not be necessary anymore to create any special tribunals\u201d says Reisinger Coracini.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But can it be adopted by consensus or a vote of two thirds of the 125 member states?&nbsp;This time, says Donat Cattin, \u201cmy impression is that even though some concessions had to be given, the vast majority is ready to start informal negotiations at the first lunch breaks.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And whether states decide to reject the counter-proposal for a delay or to go ahead with amending the Rome Statute, there is still a battle ahead, reminds Reisinger Coracini: \u201cThis is a discussion that is still ongoing. There are two possibilities: either it enters into force only for those states parties that accept it, or it enters into force once seven-eighths of the state\u2019s parties will have ratified it. That\u2019s the two different entrance to force mechanisms that the Rome Statute knows\u201d. Patrycja Grzebyk of Warsaw University estimates that if the choice is to wait until seven eighths had ratified, at the current pace of ratification of the Kampala amendment, <strong>\u201c<\/strong>this would mean that we would wait approximately 44 years\u201d for the New York amendments to come into force.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI think it\u2019s going to be very, very difficult. But the more these issues get public, the more we have chances of success\u201d, says Donat Cattin.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"articleLink articleLink--editorRecommanded articleLink--textInImage articleLink--textTop\" style=\"\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"articleLinkSurTitle\">Recommended reading<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<a class=\"articleLinkImageLink\" href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/142433-the-invaders-return.html\"><div class=\"articleLinkImageContainer \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Invaders-Envahisseurs_David-worldwide_@Justice-Info-540x360.jpg\" class=\"articleLinkImage backgroundImageTag w-100 wp-post-image\" alt=\"The invaders return - Poster for the redesigned \u2018\u2019The Invaders\u2018\u2019 series. A map of the world is inlaid in the starry sky.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Invaders-Envahisseurs_David-worldwide_@Justice-Info-540x360.jpg 540w, https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Invaders-Envahisseurs_David-worldwide_@Justice-Info-1000x667.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Invaders-Envahisseurs_David-worldwide_@Justice-Info-1110x740.jpg 1110w, https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Invaders-Envahisseurs_David-worldwide_@Justice-Info.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/142433-the-invaders-return.html\" class=\"articleLinkTitle articleLinkTitle--default\">\r\n\t\t\tThe invaders return\r\n\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The States Parties to the International Criminal Court (ICC), who are meeting in New York next week for a special session on the crime of aggression, are facing exceptional diplomatic pressure.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":79,"featured_media":147360,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[562],"tags":[4065],"ji_location":[2567,2539],"class_list":["post-147364","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-icc","tag-crime-of-aggression","ji_location-international","ji_location-united-states"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.3.1 (Yoast SEO v25.3.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Crime of aggression: high pressure for ICC in New York<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The States Parties to the International Criminal Court (ICC), who are meeting in New York next week for a special session on the crime of aggression, are facing exceptional diplomatic 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