{"id":148526,"date":"2025-07-31T11:49:53","date_gmt":"2025-07-31T09:49:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/?p=148526"},"modified":"2025-09-26T14:20:10","modified_gmt":"2025-09-26T12:20:10","slug":"rwanda-drc-peace-without-justice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/148526-rwanda-drc-peace-without-justice.html","title":{"rendered":"Rwanda-DRC : peace without justice"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The U.S. has brokered a peace agreement between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. But the deal prioritizes America\u2019s access to Congos\u2019s minerals over the well-being of Congolese citizens, warns scholar Evelyn Namakula Mayanja. And it sacrifices justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

In March 2025, President F\u00e9lix Tshisekedi of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) offered the country\u2019s critical mineral reserves to the United States and Europe<\/a> in exchange for security and stability. At the time, the March 23 militia insurgency (M23) was unleashing violence<\/a>, killing civilians, committing sexual violence, displacing communities and looting mineral resources. Since 1996, Eastern Congo has been engulfed in wars and armed conflicts driven by regional powers and more than 120 armed groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.S.-brokered peace agreement<\/a> between Rwanda and the DRC raises critical questions: Is this a genuine path to sustainable peace, or a continuation of U.S. President Donald Trump\u2019s strategy to secure access to critical minerals through coercive diplomacy?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The global shift toward renewable energy, digital infrastructure and military modernization has sparked a geopolitical scramble for critical and rare earth minerals. In early 2025, Trump signed a series of executive orders that introduced aggressive and imperial-style tactics<\/a> to secure access to mineral wealth. He threatened Canada with annexation and tariffs, demanded access to Greenland\u2019s resources and linked U.S. support for Ukraine to access to its mineral reserves. The DRC\u2019s offer must be viewed through this lens of global resource competition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

US interests in DRC<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The DRC holds some of the world\u2019s richest deposits of critical minerals and metals. A 2012 article estimated the value of Congo\u2019s untapped mineral wealth at US$24 trillion, a figure nearing the U.S. first-quarter 2025 GDP of $29.962 trillion. The DRC produces 70 per cent<\/a> of the world\u2019s cobalt, ranks fourth in copper<\/a>, sixth in industrial diamonds<\/a> and also possesses vast reserves of nickel and lithium, including the Manono deposit<\/a> expected to yield 95,170 tonnes of crude lithium. But the struggle to control these resources has fueled a cycle of armed violence, displacement and exploitation. Despite several peace agreements, peace and stability remain elusive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U.S. involvement in Congo stretches back to the Cold War, when it played a role in the 1961 assassination of Patrice Lumumba<\/a>, Congo\u2019s first elected prime minister who sought economic sovereignty. In 1996, the U.S. was accused of backing Rwanda and Uganda in the initial invasion of eastern Congo. A U.S. diplomat, \u201cMr. Hankins\u201d, was quoted in Goma saying<\/a>: \u201cI am here (\u2026) to represent American interests.\u201d In 2024, President Joe Biden met Tshisekedi to advance the Lobito Corridor, a strategic trade route to counter China\u2019s dominance in the region. Chinese companies currently control around 80 per cent of Congo\u2019s copper market. When Trump signed the 2025 peace agreement, he openly stated<\/a> the U.S. would gain \u201ca lot of mineral rights, (\u2026) foreign trade and investment from the regional critical mineral supply chains\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The deal, however, prioritizes America\u2019s access to minerals over the well-being of Congolese citizens. Historically, Congo\u2019s mineral wealth has enriched elites and foreign powers<\/a> while leaving its people impoverished and vulnerable. The new agreement could entrench existing inequalities and inflame tensions further.<\/p>\n\n\n\t

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The loopholes in the U.S.-brokered peace deal<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The U.S. has also cut off aid<\/a> for war survivors, including emergency medical kits and antiretrovirals for rape victims, undermining humanitarian efforts. Crucially, the agreement overlooks:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-The root causes and drivers of conflict at national, regional and international levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-The role of Rwanda and Uganda, whose militaries and intelligence services have long been implicated in supporting groups like M23. Gen. Muhoozi Kainerugaba, son of Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, has referred to M23 as \u201cour brothers\u201d and threatened military action in Congo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-The voices of Congolese civil society, war survivors and the public, who were excluded from the negotiation process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-State fragility and institutional collapse \u2013 major enablers of protracted violence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-The grievances of Hutu and Tutsi communities in the DRC, deeply rooted in colonial and regional politics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-The presence of more than 120 armed groups, many of them proxies for foreign powers engaging in what some scholars call \u201cgeocriminality\u201d<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Between January and February 2025 alone, more than 7,000 people were killed in the DRC. The United Nations and several human rights organizations have documented mass atrocities<\/a>, including crimes of genocidal magnitude<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rewarding aggression, sacrificing justice<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The peace agreement fails to demand justice for crimes committed against the Congolese people. Nobel Peace laureate Denis Mukwege<\/a> condemned the deal for \u201crewarding aggression<\/a>, legitimizing the plundering of Congo\u2019s natural resources, and sacrificing justice for a fragile peace\u201d. It also ignores the roles of international mining corporations and external entities that have long profited from Congo\u2019s instability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

True and lasting peace in the DRC cannot be imposed from the outside. U.S.-led mineral extraction without justice risks deepening the crisis. Since 1999, UN peacekeepers have been deployed in Congo, yet violence continues. Sustainable peace will require:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-An end to impunity;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Thorough investigations into war crimes;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Regional truth-telling processes;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Justice and reparations for victims;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-And most importantly, inclusion of Congolese voices in shaping their future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Without these commitments, the U.S. risks replicating a long history of exploitation, trading in minerals while ignoring the human cost.\"The<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons licence. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

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\"Democratic<\/div><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\tKinshasa and Kigali face off in African courts\r\n\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n
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\"EvelynEVELYN NAKAMULA MAYANJA<\/strong><\/p>\n

Evelyn Namakula Mayanja is an Assistant Professor at Carleton University in the Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies. She teaches courses on political repression and human rights. Her research focuses on natural resource extraction, peace, security and development in Africa.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The United States has brokered a peace deal between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. But the agreement prioritizes American access to Congolese minerals and sacrifices justice, warns Evelyn Namakula Mayanja.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":173,"featured_media":148522,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[567],"tags":[4065,2682,2769],"ji_location":[2197,2431,2539],"class_list":["post-148526","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-opinion","tag-crime-of-aggression","tag-peace","tag-politics","ji_location-democratic-republic-of-congo","ji_location-rwanda","ji_location-united-states"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nRwanda-DRC : peace without justice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The United States has brokered a peace deal between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. 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