{"id":27060,"date":"2016-04-27T09:49:27","date_gmt":"2016-04-27T07:49:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/27060-non-state-groups-are-biggest-new-threat-to-rules-of-war-conference-told.html"},"modified":"2016-04-27T09:49:27","modified_gmt":"2016-04-27T07:49:27","slug":"non-state-groups-are-biggest-new-threat-to-rules-of-war-conference-told","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/27060-non-state-groups-are-biggest-new-threat-to-rules-of-war-conference-told.html","title":{"rendered":"Non-State Groups are Biggest New Threat to Rules of War, Conference Told"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\"We are witnessing the greatest humanitarian crisis of our lifetime,\u201d says the website of the first World Humanitarian Summit, to be held in Istanbul in May. And it proclaims that \u201cthe World Humanitarian Summit is our chance to end it\u201d. The agenda includes preventing and ending conflict, and strengthening respect for the rules of war. International Humanitarian Law (IHL), based around the Geneva Conventions<\/a>, is supposed to protect civilians and non-combatants in time of war. But with mass atrocities every day against civilians in Syria, South Sudan, Afghanistan and elsewhere, and floods of refugees as a result, IHL appears to be in crisis. In the run-up to the\u00a0World Humanitarian Summit<\/a>\u00a0the International Committee of the Red Cross<\/a>, a Swiss NGO often seen as a custodian of IHL, is holding a series of public discussions around the issue. JusticeInfo reports on a debate in Geneva on April 21, where panellists raised the problem of how to engage with non-State actors such as Islamic State (Daesh), as well as get more compliance from State parties and better justice.\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201cNever before has the need for IHL been so great,\u201d said panellist Adama Dieng, the UN Secretary General\u2019s Special Representative on Prevention of Genocide. \u201cWhen you look around the world, the level of human suffering is so great, as is the violation of IHL. I am thinking, for example, of the bombing of the MSF hospital in Kunduz and health facilities in Yemen, of conflicts in South Sudan, South Kordofan and the Nuba Mountains in Sudan. Civilians are indiscriminately affected and they pay with their lives.\u201d<\/p>\n

Panellists seemed to agree that the humanitarian crises hitting our world are unprecedented, even if they should be put in historical context. We should not, for example, forget the Second World War and the genocides in Rwanda and Bosnia. But the modern world also poses new challenges, the panellists pointed out. New technology has brought drones, for example, which whilst saving State security forces from risking their lives on the ground are still killing civilians. Social media has been a powerful tool for democracy, but also for propaganda and recruitment by groups such as Daesh. States often fail in their obligations, but now there is also a proliferation of non-State actors that are hard to engage and hard to hold to account.<\/p>\n

The problem of non-State actors<\/h3>\n

Panellists agreed that the rise of violent non-State actors (Daesh, Al-Quaida, Al Shabaab, etc), with little respect for the law and often weak command structures to hold activists to account, is one of the major challenges of our time.<\/p>\n

Panelist Marco Sassoli, Professor of International Law at Geneva University, said non-State groups need to be engaged, and pointed to NGOs like Geneva Call which are doing this. \u201cI am convinced they can be engaged,\u201d he said. \u201cThey are made up of human beings like States and you have to understand their problems. If you isolate and criminalize them, it\u2019s a self-fulfilling prophesy. Many are fighting to become a government, so do they want a country in ruins?\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n

The basic message of IHL is to \u201crespect the enemy\u201d, Sassoli said, but States mostly do not.\u00a0 They are often too ready to accuse the other side whilst committing violations themselves, he says, which hinders dialogue and generates disrespect.<\/p>\n

Dieng also thinks non-State actors need to be engaged. \u201cYou are not born a terrorist, you become one,\u201d he told the conference. \u201cWe need to understand why and how to engage with them and, if that is not possible, how to prevent the spread of violent terrorism.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n

Here governments should also play a stronger role, he said. \u201cWhat we need is to get governments to manage diversity. We need strong, cohesive societies.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Panellist Fiona Terry, an independent researcher for the ICRC, suggested that more research is needed on why armed groups commit atrocities against civilians. \u201cWe\u2019d like to turn the question on its head and ask what restrains armed groups from atrocities,\u201d she said. \u201cWhy didn\u2019t the LTTE in Sri Lanka commit rape as others did? Why, after the genocide in Rwanda, did it not happen in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, when it could have gone the same way?\u201d<\/p>\n

She suggested that groups who need to win the \u201chearts and minds\u201d of the population will not commit atrocities like those who only want to grab resources, and that in all cases they are subject to influence, including peer pressure. \u201cWhat are the sources of influence on these groups?\u201d she asked. \u201cAnd how can we tap into them to make them respect IHL?\u201d<\/p>\n

State responsibility and justice<\/h3>\n

The conference also discussed the responsibility of States, which have an obligation to respect IHL. \u00a0\u201cIHL is a delicate dance between two interests: the ability of States to fight and win, and the protection of civilians,\u201d said American panelist Mike Schmitt, Professor of International Law at the US Naval War College and University of Exeter. \u201cIf it gets out of balance with regard to humanitarian concerns, States won\u2019t respect IHL.\u201d<\/p>\n

Another problem, he says, is that whilst \u201conly States have the authority to make law\u201d, they often opt out of the process, because it suits them to keep the rules of war ambiguous. \u201cIf States are going to opt out of the process, this comes with great risk,\u201d he said, with a particular reference to his own country (the US). \u201cThey are surrendering the battle space and this brings disrespect.\u201d<\/p>\n

IHL is supposed to prevent atrocities against civilians in times of war. But if that doesn\u2019t work, it can also be used to punish perpetrators in national and international criminal courts, such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague.<\/p>\n

UN Special Representative on the Prevention of Genocide Adama Dieng said accountability for crimes committed should also be part of the strategy, and called for more support for the ICC. \u201cThe ICC needs support, despite the Kenyan move to withdraw from it,\u201d he said. \u201cIf there are African diplomats in this room, I would ask them to think twice and remember that the ICC prosecutes individuals, not States.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\"We are witnessing the greatest humanitarian crisis of our lifetime,\u201d says the website of the first World Humanitarian Summit, to be held in Istanbul in May. And it proclaims that \u201cthe World Humanitarian Summit is our chance to end it\u201d. The agenda includes preventing and ending conflict, and strengthening respect for the rules of war. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":57,"featured_media":64311,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[543],"tags":[],"ji_location":[2497],"class_list":["post-27060","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reconciliation","ji_location-switzerland"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nNon-State Groups are Biggest New Threat to Rules of War, Conference Told - JusticeInfo.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/27060-non-state-groups-are-biggest-new-threat-to-rules-of-war-conference-told.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Non-State Groups are Biggest New Threat to Rules of War, Conference Told\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0"We are witnessing the greatest humanitarian crisis of our lifetime,\u201d says the website of the first World Humanitarian Summit, to be held in Istanbul in May. 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