{"id":43682,"date":"2020-01-28T08:10:43","date_gmt":"2020-01-28T07:10:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/43682-indigenous-peoples-norwegian-truth-commission-timid-first-steps.html"},"modified":"2020-01-28T08:10:43","modified_gmt":"2020-01-28T07:10:43","slug":"indigenous-peoples-norwegian-truth-commission-timid-first-steps","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/43682-indigenous-peoples-norwegian-truth-commission-timid-first-steps.html","title":{"rendered":"Indigenous Peoples: The Norwegian Truth Commission's timid first steps"},"content":{"rendered":"

Truth commissions for indigenous peoples are growing, not copying but inspired by each other. After Canada and Greenland, and as Finland decides to do the same, Norway is dealing with its heavy past and trying to reconcile with its minorities who were victims of forced assimilation policies. <\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

We are a stone\u2019s throw from Troms\u00f8, north of the Arctic Circle. To be precise, we are in Kval\u00f8ya, \"Whale Island\", which six years ago saw the death of its last musk ox, a descendant of a species that had rubbed shoulders with mammoths and had taken refuge in the Arctic because of global warming 2000 years ago, already. It was a female musk ox, who died from swallowing the plastic rings of a six-pack of beer. \"Norwegianization\" killed her but gave her an autopsy and a name: Alma.<\/p>\n

Per Kitti's reindeer could soon disappear too, according to him. At 71, this traditional Sami herder is himself a survivor on the island, which has now become civilized with its roads, electricity, and its tens of thousands of beer-loving inhabitants descended from the Vikings. As night falls, Kitti welcomes us to his rectangular wooden cabin. An all-in-one room with a high ceiling, containing a kitchen, sleeping bench and dining table. Around it, over the decades, a suburban city has encircled the sedentary nomad. Slowly, the small, bright-eyed man serves us coffee, rolls a cigarette and fetches from a shelf a photo album, which he looks at sadly. There are pictures of mutilated reindeer, killed by the dogs of other island inhabitants. \"After me, reindeer husbandry will die out here,\" he says.<\/p>\n

The next day, with a little luck and a lot of patience, we see his reindeer on a green pasture at the foot of the snowy Kval\u00f8ya foothills. As an airplane passes by, the oldest of the herd raises its antlers as it chews.<\/p>\n

Brutal \"Norwegianization\" at school<\/h3>\n
\"Per
Per Kitti's big-headed grandmother was one of the first Sami to demand money for the reindeer skins that the Norwegians bartered for cheap goods. \u00a9 Franck Petit<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Reindeer husbandry, which occupies less than one Sami in five today, remains a strong marker of identity for Europe's last great indigenous people. The Sami are estimated to number between 80,000 and 100,000 living across Norway, Finland, Sweden and Russia. The coastal Sami also live off fishing. But most of them have mixed with the majority populations, whether by force or willingly. When Kitti was born in 1948, Kval\u00f8ya was still a terminus of the annual migration of Sami herders from Sweden seeking the relative warmth of the fjords. These ancestral movements were stopped, for the most part, by borders and the policy of \"Norwegianization\". \u201cIt was my grandmother who decided to settle on this island after the Second World War,\" says Kitti. Her portrait on the wall of the cabin suggests a strong, pipe-smoking individual. Family legend has it that she was the first to demand money on the market for the skins that Norwegians traded for alcohol and glassware.<\/p>\n

This is why Kitti could be an edifying witness for the Norwegian Truth and Reconciliation Commission<\/a> (TRC), which is charged with \"investigating the Norwegianization policy and injustices committed against the Sami and Kven \/ Finnish Norwegian peoples\" from 1800 to the present day. The commission is based in Troms\u00f8, on the other side of a road bridge that did not exist when Kitti was a child. The young Sami used to go by boat to school, where he faced hatred and racism, he says. \"I was beaten, called a Lap [a derogatory term for Sami]. It was very hard.\" Then Kitti did his military service, again being bullied because of his ethnicity. Assimilation, however, was really not for him. \u201cI have to be a Norwegian,\" he says, \"but inside I am a Sami.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Inside
The reindeer herder shows the areas of the island where the administration recently tried to contain his reindeer. \u00a9 Franck Petit<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\"Norwegian law smacks of racism\"<\/h3>\n

\"Today racism continues in a softer, less open way,\" says Kitti, through laws and the Public Office in charge of reindeer husbandry. That makes him angry. The herdsman unfolds a map of Kval\u00f8ya, showing areas of the island where the Office recently tried to contain his reindeer. \"The government people came with a contract, with my name at the bottom. I refused to sign it.\" This was an insult to nature for this man, who has himself been unable to adopt certain \"Norwegian\" customs like keeping an appointment with a time and place. \"We're the ones who follow the reindeer. They're wild animals, you can't do that!\"<\/p>\n

The incident reminds him of various measures taken in the 20th century to control the reindeer and the indigenous people. Kitti folds up his map, shaking. \u201cForcing reindeer herding into special zones is racism. The officials are against us. Norwegian law smacks of racism.\u201d He states firmly that \u201cthe Truth Commission must examine the laws and their stupidity\u201d. He has already talked to them on the phone. But it is a Norwegian institution and he doesn\u2019t trust it. \u201cThey took my testimony but they didn\u2019t listen to me,\u201d he says, looking blackly at his old Nokia phone charging next to his radio and a pile of newspapers. The Truth Commission has not dampened his anger.<\/p>\n

\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
Recommended reading<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t
\"\"<\/div><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\tFinland to set up Truth Commission for the Sami people\r\n\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/span><\/p>\n

Twenty years after royal apologies<\/h3>\n

On the other side of the bridge, the TRC is slowly starting its work. Its secretariat is at the Arctic University of Norway (UiT) in Troms\u00f8. This town nicknamed the \u201cParis of the North\u201d, which made its fortune on cod and whale fishing, has become a big cultural and tourism hub of the Far North, a bridgehead for the Norwegian civilization in the vast land. It takes as much time to fly from Paris to Oslo, the capital city, as from Troms\u00f8 to Oslo, where the Norwegian Parliament decided in June 2017 to set up this truth commission, going against the will of the conservative government at that time. This came 20 years after official apologies to the Sami people by Norwegian king Harald V. The commission took another year to get its 11 commissioners and chairperson appointed, and nearly a year for the inauguration of its secretariat. At the end of 2019, it had collected only 75 individual testimonies. But its final report is not due until 1 September 2022. The commission has time.<\/p>\n

The Norwegian truth commission\u2019s mandate is primarily to document and analyse history. Its main task is to carry out a \u201chistoric mapping\u201d of policies implemented against three indigenous peoples of northern Norway \u2013 the Sami, the Kven and the Skogfinn (meaning Finns of the forest in Norwegian) \u2013 \u201cfrom around 1800 until today\u201d. Its second task is to examine \u201crepercussions of the Norwegian policy today\u201d and investigate hate crimes and racism against these populations. Its third task is to recommend in its final report to Parliament \u201cmeasures for continued reconciliation (\u2026)\u00a0that can create greater equality between the majority and minority population\u201d.<\/p>\n

Getting people to talk<\/h3>\n

The TRC\u2019s first meeting with the public was in September 2019 in Bug\u00f8ynes, a small fishing village near the Russian border. The Commission still has to make itself known to the majority population and overcome the scepticism of the minorities. But given its university link, its work seems to be supported and studied at the UiT in Troms\u00f8 and beyond by numerous academics. Among them is Gunn-Tove Minde, a UiT professor specializing in health issues. Herself a Sami, she is developing programmes on the ground with indigenous people. She says this population has a \u201cneed for expanded help with psychosocial problems, low self-esteem and identity dilemmas\u201d. She thinks a big challenge for the Commission will be getting them to talk, when \u201cthe norm is not to tell everything in Sami culture\u201d.<\/p>\n

Although the Commission is partly composed of people from the communities who speak their languages, Minde wonders how the Commission will be able to collect stories that are kept silent even within families, and how it will then recount them \u201cfrom a Sami perspective\u201d.\u201cOne of the challenges of this commission will be to document stories about boarding schools that are not even shared within the community,\u201d Norwegian film maker Jens Ivar Nergard told a UiT seminar in October. \u201cThe more tensed the experience was the less people talk about it. It\u2019s a long way to get it to the surface.\u201d<\/p>\n

A \u201ccommission of experts\u201d\u00a0with a \u201cNordic method\u201d<\/h3>\n

Kitti wonders why no big Sami leader is in the commission. It is chaired by Norwegian politician Dagfinn H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten, former head of the Christian Democrat party. However, a Sami does head the secretariat: Liss-Ellen Ramstad, who has worked for the Norwegian administration and as an advisor to the Norwegian Sami Parliament set up in 1989. \u201cIt has been a very public debate about who is going to be in the commission and what kind of commission it should be,\u201d explains Ramstad. \u201cIn the end, the Norwegian Parliament decided that it was to be an expert commission.<\/p>\n

\u201cThey were chosen because they were leading in their different fields. They had a lot of knowledge about Sami or Kven societies or language or culture.\u201d She adds that the initiative was first submitted to the three Sami Parliaments of Norway, Finland and Sweden in 2014. They all wanted a truth commission with a Nordic dimension. But the process went faster in Norway, which is ahead of the other countries.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe don\u2019t have a model. But we have taken inspiration from previous commission work, especially Canada, on ways of reaching out to people for instance,\u201d she says. \u201cBut Canada was very much driven about the compensation part. And that is not a part of our mandate at all. We have also been looking at Greenland. We have similarities. But it was an internal process in Greenland. Our commission is about the whole Sami Kven societies and it was a decision from the Norwegian parliament to go ahead with such work. That\u2019s the biggest difference.\u201d<\/p>\n

Finally, she says that \u201cwe have developed a Nordic method on how we conduct such work in Norway, that suits our communities. The process is relevant for the whole nation, not just Kven, Sami and forest Finn societies. There is a common history to render visible in Norway.\u201d<\/p>\n

\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
Recommended reading<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t
\"\"<\/div><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\tJean-Pierre Massias: \u201cThe Canadian commission is a new model for transitional justice\u201d\r\n\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/span><\/p>\n

Overcoming shame for reconciliation<\/h3>\n

The commissioners are continuing their jobs and are not full time. Nevertheless, the TRC has gone several times since September to meet the people in the big towns of the Far North and also in Oslo. Victims are not invited to testify publicly during these meetings but in written form or audio and video recordings including of direct individual interviews. They can say whether or not they agree to have their testimonies made public. Sami or Kven associations are invited to speak during these meetings and journalists may attend. The public is not yet turning out in large numbers, with some 80 people coming on average. \u201cBut we get a lot of invitations from all over the country,\u201d says Ramstad, \u201cProgrammes in the communities, language centres, Sami or Kven institution and festivals.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cReconciliation\" between majority and minority populations is the Commission's stated ultimate goal. \u201cWe are lucky,\u201d says Ande Somby, a Sami lawyer, artist and activist. \u201cThe reconciliation concept is a gift to future generations. It is our contribution to make the world more civil.\u201d Before an audience of academics in a debate at the UIT, he recalls that Norwegians became aware of the violations caused to indigenous people by the policy of Norwegianization with hunger strikes organized in Oslo in 1979 against the construction of the Alta hydroelectric dam. Forty years later, however, the shame is still there. For indigenous people \u201cshame can be connected to language, to clothing, to food, then it can become\u00a0shameful to be shameful,\u201d he says. \u201cOn the majority side, it has also something to do with shame and often\u00a0the ignorant person is shameful to be ignorant. We have to find constructive ways to deal with collective responsibility.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Truth commissions for indigenous peoples are growing, not copying but inspired by each other. After Canada and Greenland, and as Finland decides to do the same, Norway is dealing with its heavy past and trying to reconcile with its minorities who were victims of forced assimilation policies.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":72,"featured_media":64181,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[542],"tags":[],"ji_location":[2395],"class_list":["post-43682","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-truth-commissions","ji_location-norway"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIndigenous Peoples: The Norwegian Truth Commission's timid first steps - JusticeInfo.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/43682-indigenous-peoples-norwegian-truth-commission-timid-first-steps.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Indigenous Peoples: The Norwegian Truth Commission's timid first steps\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Truth commissions for indigenous peoples are growing, not copying but inspired by each other. 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