{"id":523,"date":"2015-06-05T12:30:14","date_gmt":"2015-06-05T10:30:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/523-confronting-khmer-rouge-crimes-in-cambodia.html"},"modified":"2015-06-05T12:30:14","modified_gmt":"2015-06-05T10:30:14","slug":"confronting-khmer-rouge-crimes-in-cambodia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/523-confronting-khmer-rouge-crimes-in-cambodia.html","title":{"rendered":"Confronting Khmer Rouge crimes in Cambodia"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia face significant challenges as they reckon with the crimes of the Khmer Rouge<\/em>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) were established in 2006 as a \u201cmixed\u201d domestic and international body within Cambodia\u2019s court system, following an agreement between the UN and Royal Government of Cambodia<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>The ECCC has delivered three guilty verdicts, finding Khmer Rouge leaders responsible for crimes against humanity<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Further prosecutions against other Khmer Rouge figures have faced opposition from the Royal Government of Cambodia on the basis of the risks to national reconciliation<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) were established in 2006 based on an <a href=\"http:\/\/www.eccc.gov.kh\/sites\/default\/files\/legal-documents\/KR_Law_as_amended_27_Oct_2004_Eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"alternate noopener\">agreement between the UN and Royal Government of Cambodia<\/a> (RGC) to prosecute crimes perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge \u2018Democratic Kampuchea\u2019 regime between 1975 and 1979. During the years of Khmer Rouge rule an estimated 1.7 million people perished from starvation and disease or were executed. The Khmer Rouge attempted to establish a classless agrarian society. Urban centres were evacuated and city populations deported en masse to rural cooperatives. Religion was prohibited and money was abolished. The Khmer Rouge also treated ethnic minorities particularly harshly, with the Vietnamese, Cham Muslim and Khmer Krom communities facing severe persecution. The Khmer Rouge were removed from power in early 1979 by Vietnamese troops and rebel Cambodian factions, though relief from the Khmer Rouge regime also marked the inauguration of a bloody civil war that only ended in 1999.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Today the ECCC is the centrepiece of Cambodia\u2019s efforts to redress and acknowledge its experiences of political violence. The ECCC integrates the work of local and international institutions, thus representing an important case within wider international justice initiatives because of its hybrid composition. The court is established as a special mechanism within Cambodia\u2019s existing domestic court structure, and provides judgements through a \u2018super majority\u2019 formula between international (UN appointed) and domestic judicial staff. The localisation of the ECCC process means that judgements and findings are not remote from victim constituencies, while the place of (experienced) international staff in the process was thought to offer a capacity building role for the court. Moreover, the ECCC has featured novel opportunities for victim participation as \u2018civil parties\u2019, though these have unfolded in <a href=\"http:\/\/jicj.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/12\/1\/81.short\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"alternate noopener\">uneven and increasingly narrow terms<\/a> as the ECCC\u2019s work has progressed, and pressure to expedite (already slow) proceedings has increased.<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"pull-right\" src=\"images\/peter_manning.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"380\" height=\"554\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The ECCC is prosecuting \u201csenior leaders\u201d and \u201cmost responsible persons\u201d for crimes committed during the Khmer Rouge years, including charges for international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. The RGC intended the framing of the ECCC\u2019s personal jurisdiction to encompass only a handful of individuals. On this basis, the limited personal jurisdiction reflects a longstanding politics of peace-building and reconciliation in Cambodia, bound to a history of amnesty agreements provided for lower and mid-level Khmer Rouge members during the civil war in the 1980s and 1990s. As the ECCC publicity poster specifically assures, lower level Khmer Rouge will not be prosecuted by the court. Lastly, as a principally retributive mechanism, the ECCC can dispense life sentences to guilty defendants, though the ECCC also has the capacity to issue <a href=\"http:\/\/www.eccc.gov.kh\/en\/topic\/477\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"alternate noopener\">\u201cmoral\u201d and \u201ccollective\u201d<\/a> reparations to those formally recognised \u2018civil party\u2019 victims.<\/p>\n<p>To date, the ECCC has worked on two cases, with investigations under way into a further two. In 2012 the former head of the \u2018S-21\u2019 security centre in Phnom Penh, \u2018Duch\u2019, was sentenced to life imprisonment having been found guilty of crimes against humanity in \u2018Case 001\u2019. A second trial against remaining members of the Khmer Rouge leadership, \u2018Case 002\u2019, was split into more manageable \u2018mini\u2019 trials in order to expedite proceedings. The first mini trial, \u2018002\/01\u2019, focused principally on the evacuation of Phnom Penh in April 1975. In August 2014, 002\/01 concluded when Nuon Chea (\u2018Brother No. 2\u2019 second only to Pol Pot under the Khmer Rouge) and Khieu Samphan (the former Khmer Rouge head of state) were sentenced to life imprisonment following guilty verdicts on charges of crimes against humanity.\u00a0The next phase of Case 002, which started in late 2014, will address the sensitive question of whether genocide was perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia.<\/p>\n<p>The ongoing challenges facing the ECCC are significant. First and foremost, the ECCC has faced longstanding accusations of political interference, especially in regard to a final set of two prospective cases, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.eccc.gov.kh\/en\/case\/topic\/286\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"alternate noopener\">003<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.eccc.gov.kh\/en\/case\/topic\/98\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"alternate noopener\">004<\/a>. These two further cases focus on the role of \u201cmost responsible persons\u201d under the ECCC mandate. Progress in both cases 003 and 004 has been slow and, as of January 2015, suspects in cases 003 and 004 have not been formally named. Crucially, both prospective prosecutions have faced serious opposition from the Royal Government of Cambodia. In 2010, Cambodian Foreign Minister Hor Namhong, referring to Prime Minister Hun Sen\u2019s intention of not allowing Case 003, stated <a href=\"http:\/\/www.phnompenhpost.com\/national\/hun-sen-ban-ki-moon-case-002-last-trial-eccc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"alternate noopener\">\u201cwe have to think about peace in Cambodia\u2026\u201d. \u00a0<\/a>For the RGC, prosecutions in Cases 003 and 004 are considered to be a threat to national reconciliation, and a violation of the terms under which they originally consented to the establishment of the ECCC. For international legal observers and human rights groups, on the other hand, the progress of Cases 003 and 004 is the key indicator of the independence of the ECCC, and is therefore crucial for its <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opensocietyfoundations.org\/sites\/default\/files\/eccc-report-cases3and4-100112_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"alternate noopener\">legacy as an effective intervention in international justice<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>A second problem haunting the work of the ECCC is the ailing health of defendants. Two of the defendants initially indicted in Case 002 did not see their cases concluded: in November 2011, Ieng Thirith (the former Khmer Rouge Minister for Social Affairs) was \u201csevered\u201d from proceedings after being diagnosed with dementia and found unfit to face trial, while the former Khmer Rouge Foreign Minister and \u2018Brother No. 3\u2019, Ieng Sary, died in March 2013. A keen awareness among ECCC staff that the remaining defendant\u2019s health was failing, alongside a sense of public frustration with regard to the slow progress of the ECCC\u2019s work, informed the subsequent decision to break Case 002 into more manageable segments. Given that the ECCC is tasked with prosecuting crimes that occurred forty years ago, the problems attendant to defendants\u2019 old age are inevitable.<\/p>\n<p>The Cambodian case also raises important questions about the selectivity of international justice interventions. Given that international tribunals are predicated on normative obligations to prosecute all perpetrators of serious human rights violations, the delimitation of the ECCC\u2019s mandate to 1975-1979 is striking in that it ignores episodes of serious violence and suffering <a href=\"http:\/\/www.yale.edu\/cgp\/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"alternate noopener\">before<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.cambridge.org\/action\/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;aid=86521&amp;fileId=S0022463401000091\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"alternate noopener\">after<\/a> the Khmer Rouge were in power. Many Cambodians feel that the ECCC neglects an important contextual history of political violence. On the one hand, the political constraints of both the ECCC timeframe and personal jurisdiction reflect the way all international justice interventions emerge subject to political conditions and within both domestic and international hierarchies of power. On the other, we are reminded of Gregory Stanton\u2019s argument that <a href=\"http:\/\/www.genocidewatch.org\/images\/AboutGenPerfectionIsTheEnemyofJustice.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"alternate noopener\">\u201cperfection is the enemy of justice\u201d<\/a>, and that the prosecutions that have been concluded are already a better result than none at all.<\/p>\n<p>The challenges facing the ECCC \u2013 particularly in regard to the ailing health of defendants, political interference, and a sense among sections of Cambodian society that a wider story about their experiences of political violence may be overlooked \u2013 help to explain continued efforts to rearticulate the key outcomes of the ECCC in terms of catalysing a process of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.phnompenhpost.com\/analysis-and-op-ed\/impact-eccc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"alternate noopener\">\u201ctruth\u201d<\/a> seeking, as well as <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ictj.org\/news\/verdict-khmer-rouge-tribunal-struggle-accountability-cambodia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"alternate noopener\">locating guilty verdicts as just one part of a wider portfolio of measures intended to redress the past<\/a>.\u00a0The promotion and foregrounding of outcomes beyond individual guilty verdicts reflects an increasingly pragmatic and tempered approach to expectation management on behalf of the ECCC (not to mention a reminder that punishments can rarely match the scale of the crimes in these contexts), as well as the <a href=\"http:\/\/ijtj.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/6\/1\/149.short\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"alternate noopener\">pivotal role played by Cambodian civil society groups in supporting and complementing the work of the tribunal<\/a>. The work of civil society organisations will significantly shape the future legacy of the ECCC.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia face significant challenges as they reckon with the crimes of the Khmer Rouge\u00a0 The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) were established in 2006 as a \u201cmixed\u201d domestic and international body within Cambodia\u2019s court system, following an agreement between the UN and Royal Government of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":64,"featured_media":61709,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[565],"tags":[],"ji_location":[2155],"class_list":["post-523","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mixed-tribunals","ji_location-cambodia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.3.1 (Yoast SEO v25.3.1) - 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