{"id":69281,"date":"2021-02-02T11:01:59","date_gmt":"2021-02-02T10:01:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/?p=69281"},"modified":"2021-02-02T11:47:24","modified_gmt":"2021-02-02T10:47:24","slug":"first-colombia-eight-farcs-charged-war-crimes-crimes-against-humanity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/69281-first-colombia-eight-farcs-charged-war-crimes-crimes-against-humanity.html","title":{"rendered":"A first in Colombia: eight FARCs charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong><strong>Last Thursday, Colombia\u2019s Special Jurisdiction for Peace announced its first major decision, accusing eight top leaders of the former Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia of war crimes and crimes against humanity, in what has been the clearest result so far for transitional justice in the country.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThis is the first time, perhaps in history, that an armed group makes peace, lays down its weapons, submits to a jurisdiction and within this jurisdiction, through its own accounts, contributes to truth-finding\u201d, said the tribunal president Eduardo Cifuentes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Three years after opening its doors and following two and a half years of investigation, Colombia\u2019s Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP), the special tribunal stemming from the 2016 peace deal, unveiled its first indictment on Thursday, January 28, which ruled that kidnappings committed by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) constitute \"war crimes\" and \"crimes against humanity\". Despite the momentous occasion the courtroom was almost completely empty, as Colombia is currently undergoing a second serious wave of the Covid-19 pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThis legal qualification is the highest reproach that this court can make and responds to the most serious violations of the principle of humanity,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zQ9Zg4GNd7o\">underscored<\/a> justice Julieta Lemaitre, who led the JEP investigation, during the live-streamed hearing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The indictees, eight former Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) commanders, have now 30 days to ponder which road to navigate in the Colombian transitional justice\u2019s two-track system. If they accept the court\u2019s findings and acknowledge their responsibility, as well as contribute with the truth and personally redress victims, they can receive 5-to-8-year sentences in a non-prison setting. If they reject the findings, their case would move to an adversarial system and, if found guilty, would face 15-to-20-year prison sentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Rueda de Prensa Caso 01: Enero 28 de 2021\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/zQ9Zg4GNd7o?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>Justices of the Special Jurisdiction for Peace in Colombia (JEP) present the landmark indictment delivered on Thursday 28 January 2021. In Spanish, subtitles available in the YouTube preferences.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The JEP\u2019s first case<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This \u201cCase 01\u201d is one of the first seven <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/43487-what-penalties-colombia-justice-challenge-2020.html\">macro-cases<\/a> opened by the transitional justice\u2019s judicial arm and one of the two specifically focusing on FARC\u2019s deeds. It is highly symbolic because kidnappings were for years that guerrilla\u2019s most infamous practice, with haunting images of caged and chained prisoners in the rainforest garnering media attention worldwide and wide repudiation from all sectors of Colombian society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In two years, the JEP documented the plight of 2,528 victims who are now accredited as parties to the case, including persons who were held in captivity by FARC for as long as 14 years and their relatives. It also used 17 reports submitted by different parties, including ten from victims and civic organisations, four from the Attorney General\u2019s Office, two from the National Centre for Historical Memory and one from the Police. At least two of those came from organisations that have been highly sceptical of the peace accord and the transitional justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The JEP spoke at length with those standing accused. In lengthy confidential hearings and written testimonies, at least 283 former rebels \u2013 including 26 former members of FARC\u2019s Central High Command \u2013 answered the tribunal\u2019s questions regarding kidnappings. Hours of videos and hundreds of pages in transcriptions were then transmitted, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/43722-can-8-9-million-victims-have-a-say-in-colombia-s-transitional-justice.html\">as Justice Info told<\/a>, to victims so they could confront their captors\u2019 accounts. In total, 908 victims submitted observations and questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Three forms of kidnapping<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>After studying all of this material, the JEP\u2019s Judicial Panel for Acknowledgment established in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jep.gov.co\/Sala-de-Prensa\/Documents\/CASO%2001%20TOMA%20DE%20REHENES\/Auto%20No.%2019%20de%202021.pdf?csf=1&amp;e=16bYs0\">322-page document<\/a> that FARC\u2019s kidnappings between 1990 and 2012 can be divided into three broad categories or criminal policies, each of them driven by a different motivation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In first place, the guerrilla kidnapped hundreds of persons with the goal of obtaining ransom for them, in what quickly became one of its main sources of funding. Although FARC spoke of identifying \u201cenemies of the people\u201d who had money and were therefore \u201cfinancial objectives\u201d, in practice they ended up abducting scores of civilians regardless of their age, their economic status or even whether they had already paid. It was, the tribunal concluded, \u201ca policy that turned human beings into objects whose value did not lie in their human dignity, but in the money they could bring to the armed organization\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Second, FARC kept hundreds of persons \u2013 especially soldiers, policemen and politicians - as hostages in a bid to pressure the Colombian government into exchanging them for rebels who were imprisoned. Finally, in regions where it sought to assert social and territorial control, FARC kidnapped hundreds of civilians and public officials. This included punishing persons they deemed as informants, scaring communities, hindering civil servants from performing their duties (like registering statistical information for the population census) and forcing locals to carry out tasks such as transporting food, providing medical care or building roads.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In its dossier, the JEP identifies specific examples of abductions carried out by every one of FARC\u2019s military structures in each of those three categories. This information is the basis for its argument that all three kidnapping policies \u2013 for money, for human exchange and for territorial control - were both \u201csystematic\u201d and \u201cwidespread\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"articleLink articleLink--editorRecommanded articleLink--textInImage articleLink--textTop\" style=\"\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"articleLinkSurTitle\">Recommended reading<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<a class=\"articleLinkImageLink\" href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/44104-farc-kidnappings-from-retention-to-criminal-confinement.html\"><div class=\"articleLinkImageContainer \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/f4ad311cd7a090a711cec069e30ef532-540x360.jpg\" class=\"articleLinkImage backgroundImageTag w-100 wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/44104-farc-kidnappings-from-retention-to-criminal-confinement.html\" class=\"articleLinkTitle articleLinkTitle--default\">\r\n\t\t\tFARC\u2019s kidnappings: from \u201cretention\u201d to criminal confinement\r\n\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Degrading treatments for all<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As part of the JEP\u2019s proceedings, former FARC rebels have begun admitting their responsibility and expressing their regret. But, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/44104-farc-kidnappings-from-retention-to-criminal-confinement.html\">as Justice Info told in this story<\/a>, victims have been incensed by their captors\u2019 failure to acknowledge the degrading treatments inflicted on them and the years of long suffering their families endured in their absence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The tribunal\u2019s report gives significant space to their physical and emotional plight. Among other patterns of behaviour, the JEP documents how victims were routinely insulted and humiliated, chained for years on end, taken on forced marches notwithstanding their medical conditions or physical limitations, prevented from having any intimacy, denied medical care and even subjected to mock firing squads.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The tribunal stressed that not only civilians were subjected to these degrading treatments, but also soldiers and policemen. This means that members of the military, although not strictly considered prisoners of war under IHL since Colombia\u2019s armed conflict was not an international one, were considered by the JEP as victims of war crimes too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even though FARC leaders claimed victims were usually treated well, the tribunal sided with victims and argues that no internal communications show them inquiring about the state of those held in captivity. \u201cThe order of good treatment concerned only the preservation of captives\u2019 biological life and not their human dignity,\u201d the JEP concluded. In the court\u2019s view, there is a deeply felt need among victims of seeing their former captors acknowledge the intensity of their suffering, as well as the long-term emotional toll on them and their relatives. Kidnappings were, in the JEP\u2019s words, \u201ca borderline situation that put all aspects of life in crisis.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The JEP\u2019s investigative effort allows a better understanding of the patterns of victimisation. After contrasting six different databases, it determined that at least 21,396 persons were abducted by FARC over two decades, with the brunt of them held captive during the failed peace negotiations between former president Andr\u00e9s Pastrana and FARC, between 1998 and 2002. One of its most striking revelations is how many kidnappings had tragic endings: at least 627 victims (2,9% of the total) were murdered and another 1,860 (8,7%) are still deemed missing. Hence the JEP\u2019s decision to order former FARC commanders to provide information to the Unit for the Search of persons deemed missing, which \u2013 along with the tribunal and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission - forms the transitional justice system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Two major dilemmas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The JEP faced two major dilemmas in this case: what criminal charges to file against FARC and who to accuse, given that the Colombian transitional justice model seeks to prosecute at least those most responsible of the most serious crimes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the end, its justices chose to split the indictment in two stages. In this first decision they bring charges against the eight persons who formed part of FARC\u2019s Secretariat, its highest circle of power, including former commander-in-chief Rodrigo Londo\u00f1o, former peace negotiators Pastor Alape, Jaime Parra, Joaqu\u00edn G\u00f3mez and Rodrigo Granda and current congressmen Juli\u00e1n Gallo and Pablo Catatumbo. One of them, Bertulfo \u00c1lvarez, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wradio.com.co\/noticias\/actualidad\/murio-bertulfo-alvarez-excomandante-de-las-farc\/20210127\/nota\/4104970.aspx\">died<\/a> of cancer the day before the tribunal\u2019s announcement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In its decision, the JEP attributes command responsibility to FARC\u2019s top brass. The court came to this conclusion after scouring hundreds of internal documents and questioning former rebels, establishing that the leadership of the strongly hierarchical guerrilla was personally responsible for approving sources of revenue and instructing its military structures on how to identify potential targets. It also determined that commanders were in constant communication with their troops and were unable to provide any proof of anyone being internally disciplined over degrading treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u201cWar crimes and crimes against humanity\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In light of this, the JEP accused them of the war crime of \u201ctaking of hostages\u201d and the crime against humanity of \u201cimprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty\u201d, as well as murder, torture, sexual violence, enforced disappearance, forced displacement and other inhumane acts. It also clarified that under Colombian law they were responsible for \u201cextortive kidnapping\u201d and \u201csimple kidnapping\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThese were not mistakes, these were war crimes and crimes against humanity,\u201d said tribunal president Cifuentes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The JEP made one more significant decision: it changed the case\u2019s name to \u2018hostage-taking and other serious deprivations of liberty\u2019. In doing so, it dropped the term \u2018retentions\u2019 that FARC historically used and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/tribunals\/national-tribunals\/44104-farc-kidnappings-from-retention-to-criminal-confinement.html\">victims despised<\/a>, given that they felt it undermined their dignity and justified their captors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Throughout this year, the JEP will announce similar decisions detailing the actions by each of the guerrilla\u2019s blocs, focusing on the roles and responsibilities of regional commanders and their subordinates. The reasoning behind this was that, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/44104-farc-kidnappings-from-retention-to-criminal-confinement.html\">as Justice Info told<\/a>, those are the former rebels who are more knowledgeable of the truths victims want to hear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The FARC leaders\u2019 dilemma<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>What will the sanctions be against FARC leaders singled out in the JEP\u2019s indictment? The answer to that question depends on whether they accept the tribunal\u2019s charges or not. Given that they are the first on the docket so far, their decision is a major test for Colombia\u2019s innovative transitional justice model, that seeks to strike a balance between retribution and redress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this two-track system, FARC leaders may receive a more lenient sentence if \u2013 and only if \u2013 they fulfil three conditions: they must acknowledge their responsibility, tell kidnapping survivors the truths they still long for and personally redress them. Accepting the JEP\u2019s indictment would be a first step towards qualifying for a special sanction of 5 to 8 years in a non-prison setting, that would probably be decided this year. If they reject it, the case will be forwarded to the tribunal\u2019s prosecution unit and a trial would ensue. Should they be convicted, they face sentences ranging from 15 to 20 years under ordinary prison conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The idea behind this incentive is that persons can own up to their role, allowing the JEP to build its cases quicker than in an adversarial system. In turn, this should avoid the tribunal from collapsing on account of the enormous legacy of atrocities it has to prosecute in a country where 9 million persons \u2013 out of a population of 48 million \u2013 are officially registered as victims. A similar decision is expected soon on a second case, concerning extrajudicial executions carried out by members of the Colombian military.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many questions still remain unanswered, including what the penalties will look like \u2013 something that, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/43487-what-penalties-colombia-justice-challenge-2020.html\">as Justice Info has told<\/a>, the JEP is still due to flesh out - and whether FARC\u2019s two indicted lawmakers may continue serving in Congress. And also whether the seven indicted former rebels might accept some of the charges and reject others, meaning the same case could end up moving along the two tracks \u2013 simultaneously.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u201cA very grave mistake\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Former FARC members have so far been silent on the content of the JEP\u2019s indictment, <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/ComunesCoL\/status\/1354845356736057344\">signalling<\/a> that they are studying it with their lawyers and <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/ComunesCoL\/status\/1354809469121646592\">underlining<\/a> that they continue to consider it \u201ca very grave mistake that we can only regret.\u201d In the meantime, they seem to be paying closer attention to victims\u2019 demands. A week ago, the political party they created <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-colombia-farc-idUSKBN29T0SF\">announced<\/a> it was changing its name, dropping the FARC acronym that victims profoundly resented and adopting the new moniker Party of the Commons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The government of president Iv\u00e1n Duque, a critic of both the peace deal and the transitional justice system, has been mostly quiet on a decision that contradicts its narrative that the JEP would not bring serious charges against FARC rebels. It is, however, centring its critiques on the possibility that they receive non-prison sentences. \u201cWhat\u2019s at stake is that these sanctions are proportional and effective and do not result in the re-victimisation of those who suffered on account of those who committed these crimes not being punished,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/IvanDuque\/status\/1354840333004189701\">said<\/a> Duque, who emphasised that an accusation of committing crimes against humanity should not be compatible with political office.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\"><p lang=\"es\" dir=\"ltr\">En <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/EJCDiversidadYReconocimiento?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#EJCDiversidadYReconocimiento<\/a> reiteramos que <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/PazConLegalidad?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#PazConLegalidad<\/a> es sin impunidad y, en virtud de la Constituci\u00f3n y el derecho internacional, es un deber indeclinable del pa\u00eds que haya sanciones proporcionales y efectivas a delitos como secuestro y no revictimizar a los afectados <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/dRAROugQX7\">pic.twitter.com\/dRAROugQX7<\/a><\/p>&mdash; Iv\u00e1n Duque \ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf4 (@IvanDuque) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/IvanDuque\/status\/1354840333004189701?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">January 28, 2021<\/a><\/blockquote><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Many victims recognise the decision as an important step, but are still mindful of FARC\u2019s response. \u201cReading the way the JEP qualified FARC\u2019s behaviour, reading the complexity of these crimes and their legal consequences, is for me a guarantee that we are not heading towards amnesties or impunity\u201d, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.semana.com\/nacion\/articulo\/el-llamado-de-ingrid-betancour-a-la-jep-para-que-le-imponga-la-pena-maxima-por-secuestro-a-los-exjefes-de-las-farc\/202105\/\">said<\/a> Ingrid Betancourt, a former lawmaker who was abducted during her 2002 presidential run and remained kidnapped for six years. Four weeks from now, FARC\u2019s former commanders will announce whether they own up to their crimes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Last Thursday, Colombia\u2019s Special Jurisdiction for Peace announced its first major decision, accusing eight top leaders of the former Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia of war crimes and crimes against humanity, in what has been the clearest result so far for transitional justice in the country.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":74,"featured_media":69274,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[566],"tags":[2653,2679,2682,2680,2683],"ji_location":[2177],"class_list":["post-69281","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-national-tribunals","tag-crime-against-humanity","tag-farc-en","tag-peace","tag-special-jurisdiction-peace","tag-war-crime","ji_location-colombia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.3.1 (Yoast SEO v25.3.1) - 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