{"id":73587,"date":"2021-02-11T12:33:33","date_gmt":"2021-02-11T11:33:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/?p=73587"},"modified":"2021-02-16T10:38:22","modified_gmt":"2021-02-16T09:38:22","slug":"sweden-frontline-syria-cases","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/73587-sweden-frontline-syria-cases.html","title":{"rendered":"Sweden on the frontline with Syria cases"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

From the first war crimes trial to the first conviction of a government soldier, Sweden has been a pioneer in Europe in the prosecution of crimes committed in Syria. Today, the Swedish Public Prosecutor's Office remains a leader, with no less than 50 investigations opened on Syrian cases. But obstacles remain.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

On 10 February 2015, Syrian rebel Mouhannad Droubi appeared before the District Court of S\u00f6dert\u00f6rn, south of Stockholm. Droubi, a veteran of the Free Syrian Army (ASL) and refugee in Sweden since September 2013, was charged with particularly aggravated assault and accused of war crimes. In a video broadcast on Facebook in the summer of 2012, he is seen beating up a supposed soldier of the Syrian loyalist army and threatening to cut out his tongue. The video, which he himself posted online, got lost in the limbo of social networks before being anonymously transmitted to the Swedish police in July 2014, leading to an investigation and his arrest three months later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt was the first time a Syrian citizen was prosecuted abroad for international crimes during the current conflict,\u201d stresses prosecutor Hanna Lemoine. \u201cSo we had to rely on ourselves on how to build the bases of the case since there was no previous jurisprudence.\u201d In particular, it was necessary to legally characterize the ongoing armed conflict in order to support the war crime charge. After several twists and turns in the trial and appeal, Droubi was finally sentenced to eight years in prison for this crime in August 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Imbalance?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

This created controversy in the Syrian community in exile. While the Droubi case was hailed as a first in the fight against impunity, it nonetheless concerned a member of the opposition. At a time when evidence of the multiple crimes committed by the regime were accumulating, the conviction of the former ASL soldier rubbed some people up the wrong way, especially when this case was followed a few months later in Sweden by a life sentence on another rebel fighter, Haisam Omar Sakhanh, for the execution of seven regular army soldiers<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe lesson we learned was that we definitely needed to communicate better,\u201dsays Hanna Lemoine. \u201cBecause for us, it is obvious that we follow the evidence and prosecute whenever we have enough, no matter the political side of the suspect. But what is so obvious to us actually needs to be explained to the public.\u201d The Swedish police then developed brochures in several languages, including Arabic, explaining the work carried out and calling on Syrians to testify.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Founded in 2008, the International Crimes Unit of the Swedish Public Prosecutor's Office now has 16 prosecutors, assisted by 15 officers from the war crimes unit of the national police. Like Germany, Sweden has \"absolute\" universal jurisdiction, so it does not need the presence of the suspect on its territory to initiate prosecutions.  \u201cWe have an obligation to investigate if we believe a crime was committed, and in theory we could open an investigation on any international core crime committed anywhere in the world,\u201d explains Lemoine, \u201cBut the reality puts limits on what we do. Most of the time, to be able to open a pre-trial investigation means that the suspect or witnesses and victims are in Sweden.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Third conviction: a soldier of the regime<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In September 2017, the conviction of a former soldier in Bashar Al-Assad's army once again propelled Swedish justice to the rank of pioneer. Mohammed Abdullah had been spotted on his arrival in Sweden in 2015 by the Syrian human rights organization Al Kawakibi and reported to the asylum office and then the police. First arrested in 2016, the former soldier was first released for lack of evidence, despite strong suspicions. It was a photo in which he posed smiling, with his foot on a pile of corpses, that allowed him to be charged the following year and sentenced to eight months in prison for \"outrages upon human dignity\" as a war crime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The prosecution had to drop the murder charge. \u201cOf course we tried to go as far as we could, to get evidence of the murders,\u201d says Patricia Rakic-Arle of the police war crimes unit. \u201cBut we couldn't prove the suspect\u2019s implication because all we had was a picture.\u201d But however \"light\" the sentence may seem, the conviction was no less historic. This was the very first time that a member of the regime had been tried for crimes committed since 2011. And the trial remained unique until the opening of the so-called Al-Khatib trial<\/a> in Germany in 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, the Swedish Public Prosecutor's Office opened a wide-ranging investigation as early as 2015.  \u201cBefore the judgment on appeal [of Droubi], I opened a structural investigation also to reach out to the Syrian community, to gather their evidence,\u201d recounts Lemoine. \u201cWe learned lessons from investigations in Rwanda, where we heard victims and witnesses of events that happened more than 20 years ago. We understood that if we could have catalogued evidence and documented these events earlier, it would have been better. The opening in 2012 of an investigation of this type in Germany has been a source of inspiration.\u201d \u201cSince we have an important Syrian community in Sweden, we understood there was potentially a lot of evidence in our country regarding the crimes committed in Syria,\u201d Lemoine continues. \"We wanted to make sure we do our part in the fight against impunity. The idea behind this structural investigation is also to preserve evidence, to make sure we have these events documented, so it can be used in any case, in particular in Europe or in a potential international jurisdiction one day.\"<\/p>\n\n\n

\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
Recommended reading<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t
\"\"<\/div><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\tKoblenz, the first Syrian state crimes trial in Europe\r\n\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Some 50 Syrian probes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, about 50 individual investigations are now underway in Sweden, according to the Swedish police war crimes unit. While the majority concern former members of Daesh, particularly foreign fighters, a few cases concern individuals affiliated with other rebel groups, and about ten concern individuals linked to the Syrian regime. These are long-running investigations, all the more complex as the situation in Syria continues to evolve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has been going on for almost a decade, with many parties, and the evidence is scattered all around the world, if not lost,\u201d stresses Lemoine. \u201cSo to be able to place a crime in its proper context is a real challenge. The changing situation also has an impact on the testimonies we can get. For example, a witness that would be willing to testify a year into the conflict might have a different position now.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe hoped that Syrian citizens, when they come to Sweden and feel secure, would come to talk to us more willingly,\u201d says Rakic-Arle. \u201cBut that has not happened, on the contrary. We have seen that when people get their permanent residency in Sweden, they tend to want to distance themselves from what happened in Syria and focus on being a part of Swedish society. They are afraid of the consequences for their family back in Syria, but they also want to forget the traumas they went through. They want to go on with their lives.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Complaint against 25 senior officials<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Swedish authorities therefore welcomed with even more interest the complaint filed in February 2019 by nine survivors of 15 regime detention centres, targeting 25 high-ranking Syrian intelligence officials. At the heart of the case are accusations of illegal kidnapping, particularly aggravated assault, rape, war crimes and crimes against humanity. But it faces legal limits: while Sweden has had universal jurisdiction over war crimes and genocide for half a century, as well as any ordinary crime carrying a sentence of over four years in prison, crimes against humanity were not codified there until 2014, with the incorporation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. And this law is not retroactive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The crimes involved in the complaint were committed between 2011 and 2015, so most of them cannot be prosecuted as crimes against humanity,\u201d explains Aida Samani, legal adviser to the NGO Civil Rights Defenders which filed the complaint together with the plaintiffs. \u201cThey can, however, be prosecuted as war crimes and as specific crimes such as particularly aggravated assault, rape, illegal abduction, murder etc. Each individual crime must be looked into and prosecuted.\u201d Another surprising factor is that the crime of torture still does not exist under Swedish law. \u201cSo instead of torture, the indictment would be \u2018particularly aggravated assault\u2019,\u201d says Samani. \u201cOn the symbolic level, the issue is that we can\u2019t call these crimes what they really are.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years after their hearings, the plaintiffs have not heard from the public prosecutor's office. But the investigations are continuing, prosecutor Hanna Lemoine asserts. \u201cAll the information brought to us through this complaint has been incorporated into investigations that are already ongoing or allowed us to open new ones.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Towards international arrest warrants?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

This Swedish complaint is part of an initiative launched in several European countries by the European Centre for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR) and three Syrian organizations: the Syrian Centre for Media and Freedom of Expression (SCM) and the Syrian Centre for Legal Studies and Research (SCLSR), led by lawyers Mazen Darwish and Anwar Al-Bunni, and the Caesar Files Group. The aim is to initiate proceedings against the highest officials of the Syrian state and ensure they are subject to international arrest warrants, like those issued by Germany and France against Jamil Hassan, former head of Air Force Intelligence, and Ali Mamlouk, head of Syrian National Security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it is not certain that Sweden will choose this path. \u201cIn theory we can do it,\u201d says the prosecutor. \u201cBut we would first have to consider if we would be granted the mandate from the Swedish government to prosecute.\u201d For in any case involving universal jurisdiction, Swedish prosecutors must seek express authorization from the government before any indictment. \"No criteria [for justification] are mentioned in the law, which gives the government wide discretionary power,\" notes a report<\/a> by the NGOs Trial International and Open Society Justice Initiative on Swedish universal jurisdiction. \u201cThis could potentially be a major obstacle to prosecution of foreigners, especially high ranking ones, and there is no recourse available to challenge the government\u2019s exercise of decision.\u201d To date, this authorization has never been refused. But the Syrian suspects pursued in Sweden were only subordinates, present on the territory. And so far, Sweden has never issued international arrest warrants in such cases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"This case is strategic to us also because we wanted to test the limits of the authorities, to see if international arrests warrants are a possibility,\u201d says Samani. \u201cThere is indeed a legal possibility. The question is whether they would go for it or not.\"<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

From the first war crimes trial to the first conviction of a government soldier, Sweden has been a pioneer in Europe in the prosecution of crimes committed in Syria. Today, the Swedish Public Prosecutor's Office remains a leader, with no less than 50 investigations opened on Syrian cases. But obstacles remain.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":64,"featured_media":73583,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[566,2801],"tags":[2672,2683],"ji_location":[2495,2499],"class_list":["post-73587","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-national-tribunals","category-universal-jurisdiction","tag-universal-jurisdiction","tag-war-crime","ji_location-sweden","ji_location-syria"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSweden on the frontline with Syria cases - JusticeInfo.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/73587-sweden-frontline-syria-cases.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sweden on the frontline with Syria cases\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"From the first war crimes trial to the first conviction of a government soldier, Sweden has been a pioneer in Europe in the prosecution of crimes committed in Syria. 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Today, the Swedish Public Prosecutor's Office remains a leader, with no less than 50 investigations opened on Syrian cases. 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