{"id":77033,"date":"2021-05-10T11:28:01","date_gmt":"2021-05-10T09:28:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/?p=77033"},"modified":"2021-05-13T09:13:07","modified_gmt":"2021-05-13T07:13:07","slug":"france-germany-state-torturers-dont-go-wrong-place","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/77033-france-germany-state-torturers-dont-go-wrong-place.html","title":{"rendered":"France or Germany: state torturers, don't go to the wrong place"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

In early 2021, France\u2019s highest court granted immunity to state officials suspected of international crimes, while at the same time the German Federal Court rejected such a protection. The International Law Commission, which is <\/strong>currently discussing<\/strong><\/a> the issue in Geneva, needs to reaffirm strongly that immunity does not protect state officials when it comes to crimes under international humanitarian law,\u00a0says French lawyer and activist Jeanne Sulzer.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

On January 13, 2021, in the case of Nizar Sassi and Mourad Benchellali, two French nationals detained at the US prison of Guantanamo Bay, the Cour de Cassation<\/em><\/a> \u2013 the highest French jurisdiction \u2013 recognized that former president of the United States George W. Bush and various government officials were in fact \u201clikely to have participated, as authors or accomplices\u201d in the alleged crimes of torture and arbitrary detention in the context of the counter-terrorism operations following the 9\/11 terrorist attacks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, and \u201cno matter how serious\u201d, these crimes are, according to the French court, to be considered as falling within the exercise of state sovereignty (also called \u201cacts of state\u201d) which in the case of state agents and \u201cgiven the state of international law (\u2026) do not constitute exceptions to the principle of immunity from jurisdiction\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The principle of immunity is the main and most controversial obstacle to prosecution. It is justified by either the nature of the crime or the official function (in the sense of \"organs and entities that constitute the emanation of the state\u201d) of the alleged perpetrator, the main criteria being whether or not the acts can be considered as the expression of state sovereignty versus mere \u201cacts of management\u201d. In line with that reasoning, immunity was denied in France in a 2015 case filed by Transparency International against the Vice President of Equatorial Guinea who had been charged with money laundering and corruption, acts considered as \u201ccommitted for personal purposes \u201c. Paradoxically, in the case of Rwandese national Pascal Simbikangwa, no immunity was ever considered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Filed in November 2002 by French lawyer WiIliam Bourdon, the Guantanamo case went through several phases: from clear reluctance to investigate, to serious efforts to move it forward, despite the open resistance of the US administration to cooperate. Bourdon was later joined by the European Centre for Constitutional and Human Rights and the Centre for Constitutional Rights <\/a>which have been proactively engaged in similar strategic litigations in other European countries (including in France against Donald Rumsfeld) as well as before the International Criminal Court. The Cour de Cassation considered that further investigation and collection of evidence about the Bush administration\u2019s interrogation and detention policies was not necessary since they \u201ccannot be prosecuted or indicted or subjected to arrest warrants\u201d. The issue of whether the two French ex-detainees\u2019 the right to a fair trial has been violated is being taken to the European Court of Human Rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 French ruling is in blatant contradiction with the now well-established rule of customary international law that immunity should not extend to international crimes such as torture. This is a norm of international law from which there should be no derogation under any circumstances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the US prosecutor Robert Jackson pleaded on 21 November 1945 before the International Military Tribunal of Nuremberg, \u201cthe idea that a state, any more than a corporation, commits crime, is a fiction. Crimes are always committed only by persons\u2026 It is quite intolerable to let such a legalism become the basis of personal immunity\u2026 Modern civilization puts unlimited weapons of destruction in the hands of men. It cannot tolerate so vast an area of legal irresponsibility\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acts of torture, as the 1999 Pinochet case reaffirmed, shall never be considered as being committed in the official capacity of a Head of State, and their alleged perpetration is sufficient to dismiss any immunity \u201cbecause the offenders are common enemies of all mankind<\/a> and all nations have an equal interest in their apprehension and prosecution\u201d. Similarly, before the Extraordinary African Chambers in Senegal, Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9 was indicted and later convicted for crimes against humanity, torture and war crimes even though his crimes were committed while he was the sitting head of state of Chad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ruling that acts of torture fall within the remit of sovereign acts-of-state is simply appalling. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGermany will not be a safe haven\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

While the highest French jurisdiction was granting immunity to former state officials alleged to have ordered the commission of torture, a few days later, on 28 January 2021<\/a> the German Federal Court of Justice (BGH) found that, on the contrary, state officials do not enjoy immunity from foreign criminal jurisdictions for war crimes and other crimes under international law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The BGH was asked to decide whether the court could rule on acts \"committed by a defendant in the exercise of foreign sovereign activity\", in this case an Afghan military officer alleged to have mistreated three captured Taliban fighters during interrogation and had the body of a Taliban commander hung up like a trophy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To take an informed decision, the German Court analysed the current state of international law vis-\u00e0-vis <\/em>jurisdictional immunities, including a 2012 decision of the Swiss Federal Court which found that former Algerian defence minister Khaled Nezzar did not enjoy functional immunity for torture and crimes against humanity, and similar cases in Belgium and Spain illustrating that holding an official function is not an impediment to prosecution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The German Court upheld that the \u201cact-of-state doctrine\u201d does not apply to international crimes, reiterating the Adolf Eichman decision of the Supreme Court of Israel which \u201cusing the \u2018Nuremberg Principles\u2019, held that the \u2018act of State\u2019 doctrine did not preclude criminal liability for violations of international law, in particular for international crimes such as crimes against humanity\u201d.  The German court concluded: \u201cGermany was not, is not and will not be a safe haven for individuals who have committed crimes against the international community\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In light of the above, the French ruling is archaic and contrary to customary international law. In what appears to be an opportunistic call to support its conservative views, the French court indicated that: \u201cIt is up to the international community to set the eventual limits of this principle [jurisdictional immunity] in the face of other values recognized by this community, including the prohibition of torture\u201d. With a new session<\/a> of the United Nations International Law Commission under way during which states are to discuss the \u201cimmunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction\u201d, it should strongly be reaffirmed that functional immunity does not protect state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction in respect of international crimes - genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, torture, enforced disappearance and extrajudicial executions.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Jeanne

\u00a9 France 3<\/p><\/div>\n

JEANNE SULZER <\/strong><\/p>\n

Jeanne Sulzer is a lawyer at the Paris Bar. She has been representing victims of international crimes before national, regional and international courts, including the International Criminal Court, for over 20 years. In France she has worked on cases of \"universal jurisdiction\" and in Senegal on reparations claims before the Extraordinary African Chambers. In Cambodia, she worked with the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia to deal with civil parties. Formerly in charge of the international justice office at the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), and in charge of legal analysis and positioning at Amnesty International France, she is currently advising the United Nations on the development of a normative legal framework on the rights of victims of terrorism.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In early 2021, France\u2019s highest court granted immunity to state officials suspected of international crimes, while at the same time the German Federal Court rejected such a protection. The International Law Commission, which is currently discussing the issue in Geneva, needs to reaffirm strongly that immunity does not protect state officials when it comes to […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":64,"featured_media":77024,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[567,2801],"tags":[2840,2640],"ji_location":[2231,2239,2539],"class_list":["post-77033","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-opinion","category-universal-jurisdiction","tag-guantanamo-en","tag-torture-en","ji_location-france","ji_location-germany","ji_location-united-states"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFrance or Germany: state torturers, don't go to the wrong place - JusticeInfo.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In early 2021, France\u2019s highest court granted immunity to state officials suspected of international crimes, while at the same time the German Federal Court rejected such a protection. 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The International Law Commission, which is currently discussing the issue in Geneva, needs to reaffirm strongly that immunity does not protect state officials when it comes to crimes under international humanitarian law, says French lawyer and activist Jeanne Sulzer.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/77033-france-germany-state-torturers-dont-go-wrong-place.html","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"France or Germany: state torturers, don't go to the wrong place","og_description":"In early 2021, France\u2019s highest court granted immunity to state officials suspected of international crimes, while at the same time the German Federal Court rejected such a protection. 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The International Law Commission, which is currently discussing the issue in Geneva, needs to reaffirm strongly that immunity does not protect state officials when it comes to crimes under international humanitarian law, says French lawyer and activist Jeanne Sulzer.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/77033-france-germany-state-torturers-dont-go-wrong-place.html#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/77033-france-germany-state-torturers-dont-go-wrong-place.html"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/77033-france-germany-state-torturers-dont-go-wrong-place.html#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/France_banderole-soutien-Nizar-Sassi-Mourad-Benchellali_@Jean-Philippe-Ksiazek-AFP.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/France_banderole-soutien-Nizar-Sassi-Mourad-Benchellali_@Jean-Philippe-Ksiazek-AFP.jpg","width":1200,"height":803,"caption":"Banner in support of Nizar Sassi and Mourad Benchelall, two Frenchmen detained at the US base in Guantanamo and released in 2004, photographed in their home area in the southern suburbs of Lyon. \u00a9 Jean-Philippe Ksiazek \/ AFP"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/77033-france-germany-state-torturers-dont-go-wrong-place.html#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"France or Germany: state torturers, don't go to the wrong place"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/","name":"JusticeInfo.net","description":"For justice to be done, it must be seen","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#organization","name":"Justice Info","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/justiceinfo_logo-trans_1200x1200px.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/justiceinfo_logo-trans_1200x1200px.png","width":1199,"height":1200,"caption":"Justice Info"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JusticeInfo\/","https:\/\/x.com\/justiceinfonet","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/justice-info","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCyCEsARodyuWtkWyhn-e7pA"]},{"@type":"Person","name":"Jeanne Sulzer","url":"\/en\/?s=Jeanne Sulzer"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77033","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/64"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=77033"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77033\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":77183,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77033\/revisions\/77183"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/77024"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=77033"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=77033"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=77033"},{"taxonomy":"ji_location","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ji_location?post=77033"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}