{"id":78677,"date":"2021-06-17T08:04:00","date_gmt":"2021-06-17T06:04:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/?p=78677"},"modified":"2025-05-12T12:00:13","modified_gmt":"2025-05-12T10:00:13","slug":"colonial-crimes-world-map-justice-initiatives","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/78677-colonial-crimes-world-map-justice-initiatives.html","title":{"rendered":"Colonial Crimes: World map of justice initiatives"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong><strong>The colonial past is back in the spotlight in many countries, from New Zealand to France, Canada to Germany, or Sweden to the Netherlands. Official apologies, demands for reparations and restitution of cultural heritage, truth commissions: Can the arsenal of transitional justice deal with colonial crimes and their consequences in today's world?<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/themes\/justiceinfo\/assets\/jvectormap\/css\/jquery-jvectormap-2.0.5.css\"><link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/themes\/justiceinfo\/css\/ji-map.css\"><script src=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/themes\/justiceinfo\/assets\/jvectormap\/js\/jquery-jvectormap-2.0.5.min.js\"><\/script><script src=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/themes\/justiceinfo\/assets\/jvectormap\/js\/jquery-jvectormap-world-mill-en.js\"><\/script><div class='JIMap'>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class='JIMapText'>Use the +\/- buttons in the upper left corner of the map below to zoom in (or your fingers on mobile)<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class='JIMapGlobalContainer'>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='JIMapContainer'>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id='map69e3969190023' style='height:400px;'><\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='JIMapModal'>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class='JIMapModal-close fa fa-times'>\u00d7<\/i>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='JIMapModal-content'>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='JIMapModal-imageContainer'><img class='JIMapModal-image' src='\/' \/><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class='js-JIMapModalTitle'><\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class='JIMapModal-text'><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='JIMapModal-imageContainer JIMapModal-imageContainer--mobile'><img class='JIMapModal-image' src='\/' \/><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='JIMapCopyright'>&copy; JusticeInfo.net<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"JIMapCaptions\"><div class=\"JIMapCaption\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/map\/JI-icon_search-40px.png\" alt=\"\" \/> Truth Commissions on colonial acts\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"JIMapCaption\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/map\/JI-icon_tool-40px.png\" alt=\"\" \/> Financial and symbolic reparations\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"JIMapCaption\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/map\/JI-icon_arrows-40px.png\" alt=\"\" \/> Restitutions of cultural objects and property\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"JIMapCaption\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/map\/JI-icon_fist-40px.png\" alt=\"\" \/> Dismantling of colonial symbols (statues taken down and streets renamed)\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\t\r\n\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\tvar mapConfiguration69e3969190023 = {\"focusOn\":{\"x\":0.49,\"y\":0.5,\"scale\":1.5},\"captions\":[{\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/JI-icon_search-40px.png\",\"text\":\"Truth Commissions on colonial acts\"},{\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/JI-icon_tool-40px.png\",\"text\":\"Financial and symbolic reparations\"},{\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/JI-icon_arrows-40px.png\",\"text\":\"Restitutions of cultural objects and property\"},{\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/JI-icon_fist-40px.png\",\"text\":\"Dismantling of colonial symbols (statues taken down and streets renamed)\"}],\"regions\":[{\"scale\":[\"#FFC72C\"],\"normalizeFunction\":\"polynomial\",\"values\":{\"AU\":100,\"CA\":100,\"FR\":100,\"BE\":100,\"DE\":100,\"NL\":100,\"GB\":100,\"US\":100,\"ES\":100,\"SN\":100,\"NO\":100,\"DK\":100,\"IT\":100,\"PT\":100,\"SE\":100,\"FI\":100,\"NZ\":100,\"ZA\":100,\"CD\":100,\"CM\":100,\"CZ\":100}}],\"markers\":[{\"label\":\"France - Taubira law\",\"coords\":[48.227638,2.213749],\"status\":\"pin-molette\"},{\"label\":\"France - Stora report\",\"coords\":[46.3,2.213749],\"status\":\"pin-loupe\"},{\"label\":\"France - Algerian skulls\",\"coords\":[44.223496,2.213749],\"status\":\"pin-fleches\"},{\"label\":\"France - Senegal\\\/Benin restitutions\",\"coords\":[44.223496,4.8],\"status\":\"pin-fleches\"},{\"label\":\"France - Malagasy crown\",\"coords\":[44.223496,-0.5],\"status\":\"pin-fleches\"},{\"label\":\"France - Korean manuscripts\",\"coords\":[50,2.213749],\"status\":\"pin-fleches\"},{\"label\":\"France - Maori heads\",\"coords\":[48.227638,-0.5],\"status\":\"pin-fleches\"},{\"label\":\"France - Senegalese riflemen\",\"coords\":[48.227638,4.8],\"status\":\"pin-molette\"},{\"label\":\"France - Children from Reunion Island\",\"coords\":[46.3,4.8],\"status\":\"pin-loupe\"},{\"label\":\"France - Request from Algeria\",\"coords\":[46.3,-0.5],\"status\":\"pin-molette\"},{\"label\":\"Belgium - Lumumba Commission\",\"coords\":[50.8,3.9],\"status\":\"pin-molette\"},{\"label\":\"Belgium - 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Taubira law\",\"text\":\"<p>21 May 2001. Parliament adopts the \\u201cTaubira law\\u201d, which recognises that \\u201cthe trade in Black people and slavery of African, Amerindian, Malagasy and Indian populations perpetrated in America and the Caribbean, in the Indian Ocean and in Europe from the 16th century\\u201d are crimes against humanity.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/1_France_Taubira_@Thomas-Samson-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Thomas Samson \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-1\":{\"title\":\"France - Stora report\",\"text\":\"<p>20 January 2021. Historian Benjamin Stora submits to the French president his report on questions of remembrance related to the <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.europe1.fr\\\/politique\\\/guerre-dalgerie-lelysee-exclut-des-excuses-mais-envisage-des-actes-symboliques-4019694\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">\\u201cthe colonisation and war in Algeria\\u201d<\\\/a>; it recommends against official apologies and proposes creation of a \\u201cTruth and Memory Commission\\u201d to be charged with promoting common initiatives.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/2_France_Macron-Stora_@Christian-Hartmann-Pool-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Christian Hartmann Pool \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-2\":{\"title\":\"France - Algerian skulls\",\"text\":\"<p>3 July 2020. Handover to Algeria of 24 skulls of resistance activists decapitated in the 19th century held in the Museum of Mankind in Paris, including the skull of  Cheikh Bouziane, historical leader of the 1849 revolt of the Za\\u00e2tacha.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/3_France_cranes-musee-Homme_@Patrick-Kovarick-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Patrick Kovarick \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-3\":{\"title\":\"France - Senegal\\\/Benin restitutions\",\"text\":\"<p>6 October 2020. The National Assembly votes unanimously for the restitution of 26 works of art to Benin and the sword of El Hadj Omar Tall to Senegal. The latter had been returned to Senegal on a five-year \\u201cloan\\u201d in December 2018.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/4_France_Edouard-Philippe-Macky-Sall-sabre-Senegal_@Seyllou-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Seyllou \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-4\":{\"title\":\"France - Malagasy crown\",\"text\":\"<p>5 November 2020. Restitution to Madagascar of the crown of Queen Ranavalona III, emblem of the sovereigns taken away by the colonists in 1897. This was on the occasion of inauguration of the Queen\\u2019s Palace in the capital Antananarivo.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/5_France_couronne-Ranavalona_@CC.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 CC\"},\"marker-5\":{\"title\":\"Korean manuscripts\",\"text\":\"<p>11 June 2011. 296 Korean manuscripts \\u2013 out of a total of 3,895 \\u2013 are returned to Korea; they had been held in France following looting by the French army in 1866.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/6_France_manuscrit-coreen_@MacJaune.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 MacJaune\"},\"marker-6\":{\"title\":\"France - Maori heads\",\"text\":\"<p>23 January 2012. Official return of 20 Maori heads to New Zealand, which had been preserved in French museums after being stolen by explorers in the 19th century.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/7_France_Tete-maorie_@musee-national-de-la-marine.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Mus\\u00e9e National de la Marine\"},\"marker-7\":{\"title\":\"France - Senegalese riflemen\",\"text\":\"<p>15 April 2017. Twenty-eight Senegalese riflemen mobilised by France during the Second World War are given French citizenship after decades of struggle. Despite the families\\u2019 demand, the French State does not admit the massacre of hundreds of prisoners of war at Thiaroye, Senegal, on 1 December 1944.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/8_France-tirailleurs-senegalais_@Presidence-de-la-Republique.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Presidence de la Republique\"},\"marker-8\":{\"title\":\"France - Children from Reunion Island\",\"text\":\"<p>10 April 2018. A <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.justiceinfo.net\\\/en\\\/44111-reunion-transplanted-children-still-waiting-for-justice.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Commission of Inquiry and Historical Research<\\\/a> submits its report on children from Reunion Island taken from their parents and placed in France during the 1960s and 1970s. The report recommends 25 measures, including the creation of a memorial in La R\\u00e9union.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/9_France_Reunion-Creuse_@FEDD.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 FEDD\"},\"marker-9\":{\"title\":\"France - Request from Algeria\",\"text\":\"<p>April 2020. Algeria demands reparation from France for damage caused by anti-personnel landmines during the colonial period. In a report to the UN, it claims there were 7,300 victims, according to the APS news agency.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/10_France_Algerie-deminage_@APS.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 APS\"},\"marker-10\":{\"title\":\"Belgium - Lumumba Commission\",\"text\":\"<p>16 November 2001. A parliamentary commission \\\"charged with determining the exact circumstances of the assassination of Patrice Lumumba\\\", Congo\\u2019s independence leader, recognized the role played by Belgium in his assassination in 1961. Shortly afterwards the foreign minister presented his country\\u2019s \\\"apologies\\\" to the Congolese people and to Lumumba\\u2019s family.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/11_Belgique_Lumumba_@Staff-Belga-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Staff Belga \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-11\":{\"title\":\"Belgium - Apologizes to the M\\u00e9tis\",\"text\":\"<p>4 April 2019. The Prime Minister apologizes to the M\\u00e9tis \\\"born of Belgian colonization and to their families\\\" from the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. He acknowledges the existence of a system of racial segregation, as well as \\\"the emotional abandonment, uprooting, and real suffering of the victims\\u201d as well as their difficulty in assuming a double identity.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/12_Belgique_excuses-Charles-Michel-metis_@Laurie-Dieffembacq-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Laurie Dieffembacq \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-12\":{\"title\":\"Belgium - Regrets expressed to Congo\",\"text\":\"<p>30 June 2020. On the 60th anniversary of Congo\\u2019s independence the Belgian king expresses, in a letter addressed to the Head of State and people of the Congo, regrets for the colonial past, in particular the period during which Leopold II personally \\\"owned\\\" its territory (1885-1908).<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/13_Belgique_roi-regrets-congo.jpg\"},\"marker-13\":{\"title\":\"Belgium -  Truth Commission\",\"text\":\"<p>17 July 2020. A <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.justiceinfo.net\\\/en\\\/45612-commission-belgium-colonial-past-important-but-will-it-succeed.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">special commission on the Belgian colonial past<\\\/a> is created, charged with examining its past in the Congo (1885-1908), Rwanda (1908-1960) and Burundi (1919-1962), as well as \\\"its consequences and how they should be addressed\\u201d. Its work is in progress.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/14_Belgique_colonialisme-Afrique.jpg\"},\"marker-14\":{\"title\":\"Belgium - Lumumba\\u2019s tooth\",\"text\":\"<p>10 September 2020. The federal prosecutor\\u00b4s office announces the return of a tooth of the independence leader assassinated in 1961 to Patrice Lumumba\\u2019s family. His children had filed a complaint in 2011 to clarify the circumstances of his death; the tooth was one of the pieces of the judicial file and is to be returned on June 30, 2021, Independence Day.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/15_Belgique_dent-lumumba.jpg\"},\"marker-15\":{\"title\":\"Belgium - Request from Congo\",\"text\":\"<p>24 November 2019. The Congolese president asks for the \\\"organized return\\\" of works kept at the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Brussels, of which, according to experts, 80% of the 120,000 ethnographic pieces come from the Congo.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/16_Belgique_president-Congo-Tshisekedi_@Tchandrou-Nitanga-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Tchandrou Nitanga \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-16\":{\"title\":\"United Kingdom - Reparations to Kenyans\",\"text\":\"<p>6 June 2013. The United Kingdom apologizes to survivors of violations committed by its colonial troops in Kenya fighting the Mau Mau rebellion in the 1950s, and decides to pay 23.5 million euros to 5,228 plaintiffs.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/17_United-Kingdom_Kenya-Mau-Mau-apologies_@Phil-Moore-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Phil Moore \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-17\":{\"title\":\"United Kingdom - Commonwealth soldiers\",\"text\":\"<p>22 April 2021. The UK apologizes for the deaths of over 150,000 soldiers recruited in former British colonies to fight during the First World War. The apology followed publication of a report by the <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cwgc.org\\\/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Commonwealth War Graves Commission<\\\/a> which honours the memory of Commonwealth soldiers who died during the two World Wars.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/18_United-Kingdom_mass-graves-world-war_@Ben-Stansall-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Ben Stansall \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-18\":{\"title\":\"United Kingdom - Request from Ethiopia\",\"text\":\"<p>> 5 April 2018. The Ethiopian government renews its request to the United Kingdom to return <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.museumofbritishcolonialism.org\\\/ourblog\\\/2018\\\/11\\\/27\\\/from-looted-lands-to-restless-handsreturn-africas-stolen-artifacts\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">treasures looted during the 1868 conquest<\\\/a> when British troops plundered the ancient capital, Magdala.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/19_United-Kingdom_Magdala-crown_@V&A-museum.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 V&A Museum\"},\"marker-19\":{\"title\":\"Caribbean - Requests for apologies\",\"text\":\"<p>10 March 2014. The 15 countries of the Caribbean Community demand a \\\"formal and sincere apology\\\" from three former colonial powers (United Kingdom, France, and the Netherlands), following the conclusions of a <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/theconversation.com\\\/caribbean-nations-in-payback-campaign-for-slave-trade-18705\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Caribbean Reparations Commission<\\\/a> on the crimes of African slavery and colonialism.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/20_Caribbean_slaves-Demerara_@Joshua-Bryant-Brown-University.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Joshua Bryant Brown University\"},\"marker-20\":{\"title\":\"Germany - Burial artefacts\",\"text\":\"<p>16 May 2018. The Royal Museum of Ethnology in Berlin returns to the indigenous people of Alaska nine burial artefacts looted in the 1880s.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/21_Germany_Alaska-restitution_@Ralf-Hirschberger-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Ralf Hirschberger \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-21\":{\"title\":\"Germany - Genocide of the Herero and Nama\",\"text\":\"<p>29 August 2018. Return to Namibia of the bones of victims of the Herero and Nama tribes, massacred under colonial rule more than a century earlier. In 2015, Berlin recognized this as a war crime and genocide.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/22_Germany_Namibia_Herero-Nama-skulls-restitution-ceremony_@John-Macdougall-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 John Macdougall \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-22\":{\"title\":\"Germany - National inventory\",\"text\":\"<p>13 March 2019. National and regional authorities ask the scientific and cultural institutions to make an inventory of \\\"ethnological, natural history, artistic and cultural-historical goods\\\" resulting from colonization, in order to organize their restitution. Priority is given to human remains.<\\\/p>\"},\"marker-23\":{\"title\":\"Germany - Indigenous remains\",\"text\":\"<p>28 November 2019. The Grassi museum in Leipzig <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.dw.com\\\/en\\\/germanys-saxony-state-collection-repatriates-45-ancestral-remains-to-australia\\\/a-51465215\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">returns to Australia<\\\/a> the remains of 45 indigenous Gunaikurnai, Menang and Ngarrindjeri, deported during the colonial period.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/24_Germany_australia-indigenous-human-remains_@Picture-Alliance-DPA-J-Woitas.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Picture Alliance DPA J Woitas\"},\"marker-24\":{\"title\":\"Germany - Maori heads\",\"text\":\"<p>12 october 2020. <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.dw.com\\\/en\\\/germany-returns-tattooed-maori-skull-to-new-zealand\\\/a-44399522\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">The Berlin Ethnological Museum returns<\\\/a> two mummified Maori heads to New Zealand.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/25_Germany_New-Zealand-mummified-Maori-skull_@Picture-Alliance-DPA-T-Kleinschmidt.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Picture Alliance DPA T Kleinschmidt\"},\"marker-25\":{\"title\":\"Germany - Aboriginal mummies\",\"text\":\"<p>11 September 2020. The Museum of Ethnology in Berlin announces that it will <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.courthousenews.com\\\/berlin-museum-to-return-aboriginal-remains\\\/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">will return the mummified bodies of two aboriginal children and human bones to Australia<\\\/a>.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/26_Germany_aboriginal-australia_@Annette-Hlawa-Germany-Ethnological-museum.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Annette Hlawa Germany Ethnological Museum\"},\"marker-26\":{\"title\":\"Germany - Agreement with Namibia\",\"text\":\"<p>28 May 2021. After six years of negotiations, Germany reiterates its recognition of the genocide of the Herero and Nama peoples in the early 20th century and reaches an agreement with the Namibian government that includes a \\u20ac1.1 billion \\\"reconstruction and development programme\\\" over 30 years.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/27_Germany_Namibia-president-Hage-Geingob_@Rodger-Bosch-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Rodger Bosch \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-27\":{\"title\":\"Netherlands - Apologies to Indonesia\",\"text\":\"<p>9 December 2011. The Netherlands ask Indonesia\\u2019s forgiveness for a massacre perpetrated near Jakarta by its colonial forces 64 years earlier, in Rawagede. One survivor and eight widows receive compensation of 180,000 euros.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/28_Netherlands_Indonesia-apologies-massacre-Rawagede_@Romeo-Gacad-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Romeo Gacad \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-28\":{\"title\":\"Netherlands - Indonesians compensated\",\"text\":\"<p>10 March 2020. The Dutch king apologizes in Jakarta \\\"for the excessive violence of the Dutch\\\" during the repression of the Indonesian independence movement between 1945 and 1949. In October, the Netherlands announced that it would pay 5,000 euros in compensation to descendants whose fathers had been executed by colonial troops.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/29_Netherlands_Dutch-king-Joko-Widodo-Indonesia_@Adi-Weda-Pool-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Adi Weda Pool \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-29\":{\"title\":\"Netherlands - 1500 works of art\",\"text\":\"<p>23 December 2019. Restitution to the Indonesian government of about 1,500 works looted during the colonial period.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/30_Netherlands_Jakarta-Indonesia-National-Museum_@CEphoto-Uwe-Aranas-CC.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 CEphoto Uwe Aranas CC\"},\"marker-30\":{\"title\":\"Netherlands - Report on returns\",\"text\":\"<p>25 October 2020. A report by the Ministry of Culture recommends the return of looted works to former colonies such as Indonesia, Surinam and several Caribbean islands.<\\\/p>\"},\"marker-31\":{\"title\":\"Spain - Request from Mexico\",\"text\":\"<p>26 March 2019. The Mexican president demands, in a letter to the king of Spain, \\\"an apology to the indigenous peoples\\\" for abuses committed during the colonial period, 500 years earlier. The next day, Madrid refused.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/32_Spain_Mexico-Obrador-indigenous_@Ronaldo-Schemidt-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Ronaldo Schemidt \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-32\":{\"title\":\"Denmark - Greenland Commission\",\"text\":\"<p>December 2017. The Greenland Truth and Reconciliation Commission reports that the colonization of the Inuit has done \\\"a lot of damage\\u201d. It calls for an official apology from Denmark to the Inuit children uprooted to Denmark and the construction of a knowledge centre to promote an Inuit-centred history of Greenland.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/33_Denmark_inuits_@Linda-Kastrup-Scanpix-Denmark-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Linda Kastrup Scanpix Denmark \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-33\":{\"title\":\"Norway - Truth Commission\",\"text\":\"<p>June 2017. A <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.justiceinfo.net\\\/en\\\/43682-indigenous-peoples-norwegian-truth-commission-timid-first-steps.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Truth and Reconciliation Commission<\\\/a> is launched to \\u201cinvestigate the Norwegianization policy and injustices committed against the Sami and Kven \\\/ Norwegian Finns, 20 years after official apologies were presented to the Sami people by the Norwegian king.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/34_Norway_Sami-prime-minister-Erna-Solberg_@Terje-Pedersen-NTB-Scanpix-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Terje Pedersen NTB Scanpix \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-34\":{\"title\":\"Sweden - Apologizes to the Sami\",\"text\":\"<p>9 August 1998. The Swedish government apologizes to the Sami \\\"for the injustices committed through the ages\\\" during the colonization of their land.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/35_Sweden_Saami-Family-1900_@CC.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 CC\"},\"marker-35\":{\"title\":\"Sweden - Truth Commission\",\"text\":\"<p>June 2020. A <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.justiceinfo.net\\\/en\\\/45184-swedish-truth-commissions-on-the-way.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Truth and Reconciliation Commission<\\\/a> for the Tornedalians, Kven and Lantalainens is set up to examine the assimilation policy and its consequences, and evaluate reparations. Report expected in May 2022.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/36_Sweden_Sami-Blood.jpg\"},\"marker-36\":{\"title\":\"Finland - Truth Commission\",\"text\":\"<p>November 2019. The Finnish government approves the creation of a <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.justiceinfo.net\\\/en\\\/42324-finland-to-set-up-truth-commission-for-the-sami-people.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Truth and Reconciliation Commission<\\\/a> for the Sami people. Its implementation has since been delayed by the Covid-19 pandemic.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/37_Finland_Sami-parliament_@Samediggi-Saamelaiskarajat.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Samediggi Saamelaiskarajat\"},\"marker-37\":{\"title\":\"Australia - Apologizes to the Aboriginal\",\"text\":\"<p>12 February 2008. The Prime Minister apologizes to Aboriginal people for the injustices suffered over two centuries, including the forced removal of Aboriginal children from their families for the purpose of assimilation.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/38_Australia_Kevin-Rudd-aboriginal-people-apology_@Greg-Wood-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Greg Wood \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-38\":{\"title\":\"Australia - Truth Commission \\\/ Victoria\",\"text\":\"<p>11 July 2020. A <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.justiceinfo.net\\\/en\\\/45000-australia-s-first-truth-commission-transitional-justice-to-face-colonial-legacies.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Truth and Justice Commission<\\\/a> is set up in the State of Victoria (southeast), officially charged with recognising the historic wrongs and remedying current injustices against indigenous peoples.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/39_Australia_indigenous-demonstration_@William-West-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 William West \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-39\":{\"title\":\"New Zealand - Forests to Maori\",\"text\":\"<p>25 June 2008. The New Zealand government transfers ownership of 176,000 hectares of forest to seven Maori tribes in reparation for abuses committed by Europeans during the country\\u00b4s colonization in the 19th century.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/40_New-Zealand_captain-James-Cook-New-South-Wales_@Hulton-Archive.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Hulton Archive\"},\"marker-40\":{\"title\":\"New Zealand - Waitangi Tribunal\",\"text\":\"<p>Since 1975. New Zealand has implemented the Waitangi Tribunal, a permanent commission of inquiry into claims made by the Maori people. It refers to the Treaty of Waitangi, which in 1840 established British colonization with a supposed respect for indigenous rights and traditions. The tribunal has since enacted land returns, financial reparations and legislative changes in favour of the Maori.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/41_New-Zealand_Waitangi-day_@Manuel-Ceneta-AFP.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Manuel Ceneta \\\/ AFP\"},\"marker-41\":{\"title\":\"Canada - \\u201cCultural genocide\\u201d\",\"text\":\"<p>December 2015. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission established in 2008 refers in its final report to a \\\"cultural genocide\\\" perpetrated against indigenous peoples. It exposes the history of the 150,000 Amerindian and Inuit children placed in residential schools between 1874 and 1996 to \\\"civilize\\\" them.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/42_Canada_pensionnat-autochtone_@Radio-Canada.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Radio Canada\"},\"marker-42\":{\"title\":\"Canada - Apology to the natives\",\"text\":\"<p>11 June 2008. The Canadian government offers a <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cbc.ca\\\/archives\\\/government-apologizes-for-residential-schools-in-2008-1.4666041\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">\\\"sincere apology from the Canadian government and asks for forgiveness\\\"<\\\/a> from indigenous peoples. Indigenous peoples are made up of 1,300,000 Indians, M\\u00e9tis and Inuit, or 3.8% of the Canadian population, and 640 different communities.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/43_Canada_Stephen-Harper-Phil-fontaine-apology_@Fred-Chartrand-Canadian-Press.jpg\",\"copyright\":\"\\u00a9 Fred Chartrand Canadian Press\"},\"marker-43\":{\"title\":\"Canada - Residential schools\",\"text\":\"<p>3 December 2015. The Prime Minister reiterates the government\\u00b4s apology for residential schools as the TRC presents its final report.<\\\/p>\",\"image\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/crimes-coloniaux\\\/44_Canada_Truth-Commissin-report-Trudeau.jpg\"}}};\r\n\t\t\tjQuery(function(){\r\n\t\t\t\tjQuery('#map69e3969190023').vectorMap({\r\n\t\t\t\t\tmap: 'world_mill_en',\r\n\t\t\t\t\tfocusOn: (mapConfiguration69e3969190023.focusOn ? mapConfiguration69e3969190023.focusOn : null),\r\n\t\t\t\t\tzoomOnScroll: false,\r\n\t\t\t\t\tzoomMax: 30,\r\n\t\t\t\t\tbackgroundColor: 'transparent',\r\n\t\t\t\t\tonRegionClick : function(event, code){\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif (mapConfiguration69e3969190023.popups['region-'+code])\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t{\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\topenMapModal(mapConfiguration69e3969190023.popups['region-'+code]);\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\t\t},\r\n\t\t\t\t\tonMarkerClick : function(event, code){\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif (mapConfiguration69e3969190023.popups['marker-'+code])\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t{\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\topenMapModal(mapConfiguration69e3969190023.popups['marker-'+code]);\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\t\t},\r\n\t\t\t\t\tregionStyle: {\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tinitial: {\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tfill: '#d1d1d1' \/\/ Default country color\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t},\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\thover: {\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t'fill-opacity': 0.8,\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcursor: 'pointer'\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\t\t},\r\n\t\t\t\t\tmarkers: mapConfiguration69e3969190023.markers.map(function(h){ return {name: h.label, latLng: h.coords} }),\r\n\t\t\t\t\tseries:{\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tregions: mapConfiguration69e3969190023.regions,\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmarkers:[{\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tattribute: 'image',\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tscale: {\"ondes100\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/ondes-100.png\",\"ondes200\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/ondes-200.png\",\"pointondes100transparent\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/point-ondes-100-transparent.png\",\"pointondes200transparent\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/point-ondes-200-transparent.png\",\"pinpoursuite-t3\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/map-pin-poursuite-60px.png\",\"pinpoursuite-t2\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/map-pin-poursuite-40px.png\",\"pinpoursuite-t1\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/map-pin-poursuite-25px.png\",\"pincommission\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/map-pin-commision-25px.png\",\"pin-loupe\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/JI-icon_search-25px.png\",\"pin-molette\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/JI-icon_tool-25px.png\",\"pin-fleches\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/JI-icon_arrows-25px.png\",\"pin-poing\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/JI-icon_fist-25px.png\",\"ukraine-pin-estonia\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/Ukraine_map-pin_Estonia-small.png\",\"ukraine-pin-germany\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/Ukraine_map-pin_Germany-small.png\",\"ukraine-pin-international\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/Ukraine_map-pin_International-small.png\",\"ukraine-pin-lithuania\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/Ukraine_map-pin_Lithuania-small.png\",\"ukraine-pin-poland\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/Ukraine_map-pin_Poland-small.png\",\"ukraine-pin-spain\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/Ukraine_map-pin_Spain-small.png\",\"ukraine-pin-ukraine\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/Ukraine_map-pin_Ukraine-small.png\",\"ukraine-pin-switzerland\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/Ukraine_map-pin_Switzerland_27px.png\",\"ukraine-pin-sweden\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/Ukraine_map-pin_Sweden_27px.png\",\"ukraine-pin-slovakia\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/Ukraine_map-pin_Slovakia_27px.png\",\"ukraine-pin-latvia\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/Ukraine_map-pin_Latvia_27px.png\",\"ukraine-pin-norway\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/Ukraine_map-pin_Norway.png\",\"ukraine-pin-france\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/Ukraine_map-pin_France.png\",\"ukraine-pin-uk\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/Ukraine_map-pin_United-Kingdom.png\",\"ukraine-pin-canada\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/Ukraine_map-pin_Canada.png\",\"ukraine-pin-usa\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/Ukraine_map-pin_usa.png\",\"ukraine-pin-romania\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/Ukraine_map-pin_romania.png\",\"ukraine-pin-czech-republic\":\"\\\/images\\\/map\\\/Ukraine_map-pin_Republique-Tcheque.png\"},\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tvalues: mapConfiguration69e3969190023.markers.reduce(function(p, c, i){ p[i] = c.status; return p }, {})\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}]\r\n\t\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t\t})\r\n\t\t\t<\/script>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cDon\u2019t portray us as a band of beggars coming to demand reparation. [\u2026] I think the Europeans have obligations to us, like all the unfortunate, but especially to us for harms that they caused. That is what I call reparation.\u201d These words of Aim\u00e9 C\u00e9saire, renowned Martinican author of \u201cDiscourse on Colonialism\u201d, still resonate everywhere in the world 71 years after they were published.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The issue concerns 70% of the world\u2019s population, either as a citizen of a colonizing country or as one of the colonized, according to French history professor Bouda Etemad, author of the book&nbsp;\u201cCrimes and Reparations, the West faced with its colonial&nbsp;past\u201d. The colonized and their descendants, he writes, have the right to demand reparation from the European powers for the harms these States committed over a period of 500 years, from the \u201cdiscovery\u201d of America by Christopher Colombus to independence in the second half of the 20<sup>th<\/sup> century. Forced labour, slavery, persecution, executions, extermination, bombardments, looting and forced cultural assimilation: the list is long of violent abuses that accompanied colonization in Africa, the Near East, Asia, the Americas, Oceania and northern Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/78778-hour-of-reckoning-for-colonial-crimes.html\">special focus<\/a> concentrates on the period known as the \u201csecond colonial empire\u201d which from 1815 marked the new expansionism of the Western powers until the wave of independence in the 1960\u2019s and 1970\u2019s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Colonization, a \u201ccrime against humanity\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In France, when Emmanuel Macron, then a presidential candidate, declared on February 14, 2017 in Algiers that colonization \"is a crime against humanity, a real barbarity and part of this past that we must look in the face by also apologizing to those towards whom we committed these actions\", he aroused the ire of the right and the far right, who accused him of sullying or betraying his country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>French political icon and patriot Georges Cl\u00e9menceau, nicknamed \"the Tiger\" for his fierce attacks as an opponent and then for strength of his character as head of government at the end of the First World War, had already said it 130 years ago. On July 28, 1885, while European nations shared Africa among themselves,&nbsp; when his political adversary Jules Ferry invoked before parliament the \"duty\" of the \"superior races\" to \"civilize the inferior races\", Cl\u00e9menceau replied: \"Superior races! Inferior races! (...) Look at the history of the conquest of these peoples that you call barbaric and you will see violence, every crime unleashed, oppression, blood flowing freely, the weak oppressed, tyrannized by the victor! That is the history of your civilization! (...) How many atrocious, appalling crimes have been committed in the name of justice and civilization? Not to mention the vices that Europeans brought with them: alcohol, opium that they spread and imposed if it pleased them. And it is such a system that you are trying to justify in France, in the land of human rights!\" He also added that: \u201cThe conquest you advocate is the pure and simple abuse of force (...). It is not what is right, it is the negation of it.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Demands for truth and reparations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In recent years, as men and women in former colonial countries entered politics after the fall of colonial empires, and as formerly colonized peoples have become more vocal, the demands for truth and reparation have grown. The veil of silence is being torn apart. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/43682-indigenous-peoples-norwegian-truth-commission-timid-first-steps.html\">Scandinavian countries<\/a> are working to establish the truth about the violence suffered by their indigenous people, inspired by the example of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/41980-jean-pierre-massias-canadian-commission-new-model-for-transitional-justice.html\">Canada<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/44764-belgium-wants-to-confront-its-colonial-past.html\">Belgium<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/45000-australia-s-first-truth-commission-transitional-justice-to-face-colonial-legacies.html\">Australia<\/a> have set up truth commissions, while <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/68678-france-algeria-towards-truth-memory-commission.html\">France<\/a> is considering it and Joe Biden's United States seems more willing to join this historical rendez-vous. Everything indicates that the colonial past has become the present of transitional justice, and that this groundswell is causing ripples on all continents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And so while demands for reparations by victims and their descendants are not new, there are now starting to be some responses. The need to render justice to the enslaved and\/or colonized populations has led to a search for ways to \"repair\" the wrongs done. Louis Georges Tin, president of the Council of Black Associations of France (Conseil repr\u00e9sentatif des associations noires de France), defines them as \"legal, moral, material, cultural or symbolic mechanisms set up to compensate a social group or its descendants, individually or collectively, after large-scale damage\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This cannot happen without the first, still hesitant step of official recognition of harms caused. On <a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2019-0239_EN.html\">26 March 2019<\/a>, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the \u201cfundamental rights of people of African descent in Europe\u201d, recognising that \u201cthe racism and discrimination experienced by people of African descent is structural\u201d and stems from \u201chistorically repressive structures of colonialism and the transatlantic slave trade\u201d. On 17 June 2020 after the murder of George Floyd in the United States, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, former Chilean president Michelle Bachelet, said during a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/HRBodies\/HRC\/Pages\/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=25968&amp;LangID=E\">debate on racism and police violence<\/a> that she was favourable to \u201creparations\u201d. \u201cBehind today\u2019s racial violence, systemic racism, and discriminatory policing lies the failure to acknowledge and confront the legacy of the slave trade and colonialism,\u201d she said. \u201cWe also need to make amends for centuries of violence and discrimination, including through formal apologies, truth-telling processes, and reparations in various forms.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In both the North and the South, there are more and more initiatives to shed light on this violent past, to make financial reparations, to return cultural property and human remains, or for former colonizing countries to express official apologies. This Justice Info world map presents, in a non-exhaustive way, the official mechanisms of truth and reparations over the last 20 years that have been initiated by ex-colonizers with regard to their former colonies.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The colonial past is back in the spotlight in many countries, from New Zealand to France, Canada to Germany, or Sweden to the Netherlands. Official apologies, demands for reparations and restitution of cultural heritage, truth commissions: Can the arsenal of transitional justice deal with colonial crimes and their consequences in today's world?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":78720,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3715,545,543,544,542],"tags":[2894,2892],"ji_location":[2567],"class_list":["post-78677","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-infographics","category-memory","category-reconciliation","category-reparations","category-truth-commissions","tag-colonialism","tag-restitutions-en","ji_location-international"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.3.1 (Yoast SEO v25.3.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Colonial Crimes: World map of justice initiatives - JusticeInfo.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Can transitional justice deal with colonial crimes and their consequences in today&#039;s world? 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