{"id":88026,"date":"2022-02-28T10:54:48","date_gmt":"2022-02-28T09:54:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/?p=88026"},"modified":"2022-02-28T15:05:25","modified_gmt":"2022-02-28T14:05:25","slug":"negotiating-amnesties-peace-justice-new-path-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/88026-negotiating-amnesties-peace-justice-new-path-2.html","title":{"rendered":"Negotiating amnesties, peace and justice: A new path (2\/3)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

In peace negotiations, amnesties and justice are often presented as mutually exclusive tools. In reality, amnesties are systematically on the table and should be given a 'presumption of conformity' with international law, under clear rules, argue the authors of this article. They are launching the Peace Treaty Initiative<\/a>, on which Justice Info is publishing a series of three articles.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

For many international lawyers, judges, and human rights actors, the \u2018peace versus justice\u2019 debate has long been resolved in favour of justice. They can point to a \u2018growing tendency in international law to see amnesties as unacceptable<\/a>\u2019; to the <\/a>overturning<\/a> of longstanding amnesties in some countries; and to the institutionalisation of an anti-amnesty policy at the United Nations as indicators of how certain concessions on justice are no longer permissible even when adopted to ensure peace and to prevent new atrocities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In recent years, the <\/a>UN Special Rapporteur for Transitional Justice<\/a> and some <\/a>international human rights NGOs<\/a> have sought to consolidate and expand on these claims by arguing that international law now prohibits other forms of leniency for international crimes, such as pardons, early release measures, or alternative sentencing. Several international courts have also argued, since the late 1990s, that an international prohibition on amnesties is crystallising.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yet, conflict resolution efforts within many societies often paint a different picture, rarely resolving them according to these supposed new standards. Just in the last few months, broad amnesties have been granted as part of peace efforts in <\/a>Chad<\/a> and <\/a>Ethiopia<\/a>. Elsewhere, existing amnesties are being implemented, and amnesty decisions by the truth commissions in <\/a>The Gambia<\/a> and the <\/a>Seychelles<\/a> are pending. Even where amnesties are omitted from peace deals, or explicitly exclude serious crimes, de facto impunity is often entrenched<\/a> because of the huge number of violations and perpetrators that the system needs to face.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Restoring flexibility to negotiators<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

All told, the continued use of amnesties by states, together with the categorical reluctance of states to codify any international prohibition of amnesties, undermine any notion that an anti-amnesty norm has become settled law. Indeed, as recently as 2019, the International Criminal Court (ICC) stated<\/a> that \u2018international law is still in the developmental stage on the question of acceptability of amnesties\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The African Union, in turn, has highlighted<\/a> that \u2018in the fragile post-conflict setting, a balance and compromise must be struck between peace and reconciliation on the one hand and responsibility and accountability on the other\u2019. Some legal scholars go further by questioning whether the <\/a>turn to criminal justice<\/a> has had negative consequences for the human rights field. Likewise, Third World Approaches to International Law <\/a>have highlighted the risks of imposing Western approaches to criminal justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peace negotiators, mediators, and supporters of conflict resolution are understandably left <\/a>uncertain<\/a> about how much scope they have for flexibility on justice or amnesty provisions in peace agreements. This can result in them often holding differing interpretations of what the law requires or feeling pressured<\/a> to adopt positions that could be destabilising to peace negotiations and implementation. Just as consequentially, the uncertainty reduces the will and scope for exploring creative solutions<\/a> that might provide reasonable compromises in processes that by their nature require mutual concessions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From a conflict resolution and atrocity prevention perspective, this is an unsatisfactory status quo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Legal parameters for conditional amnesty<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The <\/a>Peace Treaty Initiative<\/a>, a new global project of the Institute of Integrated Transitions<\/a>, may offer a way out through the introduction of a concept known as the \u201cpresumption of conformity\u201d. The concept is embedded in the indicative text<\/a> of the proposed new treaty, which seeks to develop an international law to incentivise conflict prevention and resolution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Specifically, the indicative text creates explicit minimal criteria and a clear process for the possibility of creating a positive presumption in favour of the international legality of the amnesty reached within a peace negotiation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How does the mechanism work? The answer is found in Article 12 of the indicative text. It provides an automatic presumption of conformity to the entirety of a signed accord on the principal substantive agenda items of any peace negotiation that is handled through the treaty\u2019s unique referral process; but it carves out a limited exception vis-\u00e0-vis atrocity crimes in the event that a majority of States Parties declares that any conditional amnesty provisions: \u201c(i) are unnecessary for achieving the objective of this Convention, particularly the prevention or resolution of armed conflict; (ii) lack appropriate accountability conditions or obligations in regard to relevant individuals and entities; and (iii) neglect to incorporate targeted measures addressing the needs of victims, including with respect to missing and disappeared persons\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is worth unpacking this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Favouring peaceful conflict resolution<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

First, a legal presumption is a not a legal finding, but a device more akin to a rebuttable premise. Its main effect, in this case, would be to place the burden of proof on the challenger rather than the defender of the conditional amnesty. However, nothing about the presumption would oust the authority of the court to make an independent final judgement on the legality of the amnesty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Second, because the overarching goal of the new treaty is to incentivise the choice of peaceful conflict resolution over confrontation, the presumption has the dual benefit of 1) creating a default signal through international law that favours the legal stability of peace agreements, and 2) avoiding the kind of red lines on amnesty prohibition that produce the negative effects already mentioned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Third, the presumption of conformity forces an active deliberation by the Conference of States Parties concerning any conditional amnesty, in which it must weigh the cost of precluding the application of the presumption (which could potentially jeopardise the entire peace accord) against the cost of allowing it (which could disincentivise legal challenges to the amnesty). That weighing process is not open-ended, but rather guided by the explicit but flexible criteria set out in the indicative text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Untying the Gordian knot of peace and justice<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The concept of the presumption of conformity is not reflected in any existing international treaty. Yet, it will be a familiar concept to most international lawyers because of its place in domestic law. Courts everywhere from Germany to Poland, South Africa, the United States, Israel, and most Commonwealth countries apply to their domestic laws a presumption of conformity with international law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The indicative text of the proposed new treaty borrows the concept mainly because of its utility for making the path of dialogue more attractive \u2013 including on the Gordian knot of peace and justice. By providing the parties to a conflict with the prospect of a positive legal signal that a signed agreement will presumptively be respected, the principle can help nudge conflict parties towards negotiation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some may wonder if it is advisable for the Conference of States Parties to appear as \u201cjudge\u201d of the legality of any conditional amnesty included in a peace deal reached within the terms of the new treaty, in fact the only \u201cjudgement\u201d within its remit is whether or not to accord the presumption of conformity to the negotiated amnesty. The Conference has no authority to determine legality or illegality as such.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Participating in the treaty\u2019s development<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

For now, the indicative text offers the chance for a new direction in the unresolved debate on amnesties. And because the text is the subject of an inclusive global consultation process, improvements can be made. For example, a future version of Article 12 could provide greater or lesser detail in the criteria of accountability and attention to victims; increase or decrease the voting threshold of the Conference of States Parties; or contemplate any other number of potential adjustments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Regardless, the indicative text \u2013 including the presumption of conformity it proposes \u2013 should take us beyond the stale and unsatisfactory debates that persist as regards amnesty, peace and justice. In doing so, it may also help to increase awareness of the independent needs of negotiation itself \u2013 including the fact that it is not a process in which one side can simply impose its will on the other. This logically militates in favour of a future treaty that provides for tailored legal incentives, increased legal flexibility and greater legal clarity on key questions of international law that negotiators systematically encounter. Let the new debate begin.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Recommended reading<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t
\"Palestinian<\/div><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\tHere is a way for international law to better help end conflicts (1\/3)\r\n\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\"LouiseLOUISE MALLINDER<\/strong><\/p>\n

Louise Mallinder is a Professor of Law at Queen\u2019s University Belfast, School of Law and Legacy Theme Lead in the Senator George J. Mitchell Institute for Global Peace, Security and Justice. Louise\u2019s research on amnesties includes creating the Amnesties, Conflict and Peace Database<\/a>. She also led the team of multidisciplinary scholars and practitioners who produced the Belfast Guidelines on Amnesties and Accountability. Louise is a member of the Institute for Integrated Transitions\u2019 Law and Peace Practice Group.<\/p>\n

\n

\"MarkMARK FREEMAN<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mark Freeman<\/a> is the founder and executive director of the Institute for Integrated Transitions (IFIT). He is a leading global expert on conflict resolution and human rights and the author of several reference books in the field, including Truth Commissions and Procedural Fairness (Cambridge UP, 2006), Necessary Evils: Amnesties and the Search for Justice (Cambridge UP, 2010), and Negotiating Transitional Justice (Cambridge UP, 2020 \u2013 co-authored with Iv\u00e1n Orozco).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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They are launching the Peace Treaty Initiative, on which Justice Info is publishing a series of three articles.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/88026-negotiating-amnesties-peace-justice-new-path-2.html#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/88026-negotiating-amnesties-peace-justice-new-path-2.html"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/88026-negotiating-amnesties-peace-justice-new-path-2.html#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Colombia_hands-peace.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Colombia_hands-peace.jpg","width":1200,"height":800,"caption":"The historic handshake between Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos and Farc rebel leader Timoleon Jimenez, under the protection of Cuban President Raul Castro, on September 23, 2015 in Havana, Cuba, at the end of the peace talks. \u00a9 Luis Acosta \/ AFP"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/88026-negotiating-amnesties-peace-justice-new-path-2.html#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Negotiating amnesties, peace and justice: A new path (2\/3)"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/","name":"JusticeInfo.net","description":"For justice to be done, it must be seen","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#organization","name":"Justice Info","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/justiceinfo_logo-trans_1200x1200px.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/justiceinfo_logo-trans_1200x1200px.png","width":1199,"height":1200,"caption":"Justice Info"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JusticeInfo\/","https:\/\/x.com\/justiceinfonet","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/justice-info","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCyCEsARodyuWtkWyhn-e7pA"]},{"@type":"Person","name":"Mark Freeman and Louise Mallinder","url":"\/en\/?s=Mark Freeman and Louise Mallinder"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88026","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/64"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=88026"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88026\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":88037,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88026\/revisions\/88037"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/88016"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=88026"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=88026"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=88026"},{"taxonomy":"ji_location","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ji_location?post=88026"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}