{"id":93111,"date":"2022-05-31T10:43:30","date_gmt":"2022-05-31T08:43:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/?p=93111"},"modified":"2026-01-02T11:23:23","modified_gmt":"2026-01-02T10:23:23","slug":"insights-digital-revolution-war-crimes-probes-ukraine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/93111-insights-digital-revolution-war-crimes-probes-ukraine.html","title":{"rendered":"Insights on the digital revolution for war crimes probes in Ukraine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

On March 11, International Criminal Court (ICC) Prosecutor Karim Khan announced that his office has set up an online portal to collect information on possible war crimes in Ukraine. The Prosecutor General of Ukraine has done the same. What role might digital evidence play in future prosecutions, and is the ICC equipped to handle masses of online material?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is far from alone in investigating alleged war crimes in Ukraine. A number of investigative bodies in Europe and beyond, including more than a dozen national prosecutors<\/a>, have set up evidence gathering units. While testimonies from victims and witnesses including Ukrainian refugees remain central, they know digital information is important too. In Ukraine more than ever, citizens and increasingly expert NGOs are forcing them to take account of valuable information collected in \"open source\". <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhat you'll find in a conflict is that people will take images and photos of the events that happened around them,\u201d says Nick Waters of Bellingcat, a leading independent collective of researchers and citizen journalists using open source investigative techniques. \u201cYou know, if their village gets bombed, they want to tell the world about that. They want to say look, this was a restaurant where there were lots of women and children eating. Here's the video showing their bodies that proves it. I've seen that in Syria, in Yemen and now in Europe [with Ukraine].\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

700,000 \u201crecords of information\u201d since February<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bellingcat has partnered with the NGO Global Legal Action Network (GLAN) on a \u201cJustice and Accountability\u201d evidence-gathering project for Ukraine. Archiving being a nerve of the digital war, \u201cthe open source content gathered during Bellingcat\u2019s investigations will be preserved by Mnemonic, an independent third-party organisation maintaining an archive of digital content from Ukraine, as it has done for Syria, Yemen and Sudan,\u201d according to GLAN\u2019s website<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hadi al Khatib, director of Mnemonic, says the amount of publicly available online information related to conflicts is ever-growing. \u201cEvery country has certain platforms that they are using,\u201d he told Justice Info. \u201cFor example, in Syria, YouTube and Facebook were mostly used for this kind of publication, but in Ukraine it\u2019s Tik Tok and Telegram. So we see it more and more used, especially right now in Ukraine. Since February, we\u2019ve archived around 700,000 records of information [on Ukraine]. We haven\u2019t seen that much information before.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cInformation that anyone can access\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOpen sources are sources of information that anyone can access,\u201d explains Waters of Bellingcat. \u201cYou don't have to be of a particular nationality or a particular group of people. You don't have to have a security clearance to access information. You may need to pay a little bit of money to access information, but if it gets to large amounts like several thousand pounds, I wouldn't necessarily consider that open source information. It\u2019s information that anyone can access, almost entirely online.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Authors of the Berkeley Protocol on Digital Open Source Investigations<\/a> -- published in January this year by the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law and the UN human rights office (OCHCR) in Geneva \u2013 say the digital revolution has \u201cled to new types and sources of information that could assist in the investigation of alleged human rights violations and serious international crimes\u201d. These can be particularly valuable to investigators who cannot physically access crime scenes in a timely manner, which is often the case in international investigations, they say.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, online information can be manipulated too, and its sheer mass is daunting. There is also a need for expertise in gathering, verifying and archiving it. The Berkeley authors say that so far \u201chuman rights organizations, intergovernmental bodies, investigative mechanisms and courts have at times struggled to adapt their working practices to include new digital methods of fact-finding and analysis. One of the greatest challenges that they face is dealing with the discovery and verification of relevant material within an increasing volume of online information, especially photographs and videos captured on smartphones and other mobile devices, some of which may be compromised or misattributed.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Berkeley Protocol: a move for international standards<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Berkeley Protocol aims to provide some common international standards and guidance for conducting online research into alleged violations of international law. It also \u201csets out measures that online investigators can take to protect the digital, physical and psychosocial safety of themselves and others, including witnesses, victims and first responders (e.g. citizens, activists and journalists), who risk their own well-being to document human rights violations and serious breaches of international law\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So how does Bellingcat work, for example? Waters says it is actually quite rare to find video posted by the person who took it, because it may have been reposted many times, so one of the challenges is to identify the source. Then with a video, for example, he says Bellingcat puts a lot of effort into verifying it. \u201cAfter looking for this video, we place it in time and space,\u201d he says, using mapping tools and satellite imagery. \u201cAnd then we also combine that with other information and contextual knowledge. I understand how weapons systems work. So to give you an example, if there is a hand grenade exploding and a big Hollywood ball of flame, I know that's not how grenades work.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Links with the ICC and national prosecutors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

For the Ukraine project, Bellingcat\u2019s partner Mnemonic is an NGO whose work is \u201cabout promoting human rights and accountability through the preservation and verification of open source and closed source digital information\u201d, according to director Al Khatib. It has experience of building archives on Syria, Yemen, Sudan and also Belarus, he told Justice Info. \u201cClosed source information\u201d is owned by organizations and individuals such as human rights groups, media and journalists, he explains, so not publicly available. But prosecutors and courts may also need raw footage and other material that is not online.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Al Khatib says that for the Ukraine project, Mnemonic archives information from a coalition of 16 Ukrainian NGOs and Amnesty International, as well as Bellingcat. It is also establishing links with the ICC and national prosecutors to inform them of its work and understand what information they might need in future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He says Mnemonic now plans to hire a small team of its own investigators and start organizing the Ukraine archives in such a way that it can more easily respond to requests from courts and prosecutors. These might include, for example, information on particular incidents like targeting of civilian infrastructure; \u201clinkage evidence\u201d (i.e. information that can link a particular suspect to a particular event); or on chains of command.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cA lot more avenues than in Syria\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Al Khatib says Mnemonic has already responded to information requests from the \u201cInternational, Impartial and Independent Mechanism\u201d (IIIM) for Syria, a UN evidence-gathering body. The issue with Syria, Al Khatib says, is \u201cthat we have had very limited accountability\u201d apart from a few universal jurisdiction cases, notably in Germany. \u201cAnd it's completely different in Ukraine right now. We have a lot more avenues than in Syria.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He says Mnemonic has learned some lessons from Syria, however. \u201cThe first lesson that we apply directly in the context of Ukraine is archiving the materials as soon as possible, as it can get lost from social media platforms as, for example, perpetrators close their accounts or governments ask social media companies to close certain accounts or censor certain content. The second lesson is that it can be really easy to over-archive. So it's really important to make sure that we are coordinating this work between different organizations, and that different organizations contribute to archiving materials in one place.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To him, it is critical \u201cto engage as soon as we can with prosecution authorities\u201d. This, he says, helped bring a landmark case in Germany<\/a> which resulted in the conviction earlier this year of a Syrian official for torture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What of the ICC and Open Source?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The question remains, for the ICC, whether this normally slow and bureaucratic jurisdiction will be up to making the most of this digital revolution. Bellingcat, founded in 2014 by British journalist and blogger Eliot Higgins, moved in 2018 to The Hague, Netherlands, which is the seat of the ICC. It has become involved with the ICC Technology Advisory Board \u201cto help them understand how open source investigation could be applied to their work<\/a>\u201d. Bellingcat\u2019s Waters says he thinks \u201cthere are certainly people within the ICC who are aware of the value of this kind of information. You know, the arrest warrant issued for Mr. Al-Werfalli [Libya] in 2017 was based entirely on open source information. The ICC is certainly aware of the use of this information, and has used it in a couple of cases.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Responding to questions from Justice Info, the media section for the ICC\u2019s Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) declined to give figures about the data collected via its online portal<\/a>, opened after the start of the war in Ukraine. \u201cThe OTP does not comment on operational matters with respect to ongoing investigations and as such is not able to provide comments on the amount or content of submissions received. We will continue to strengthen channels through which all actors may engage in our investigative activity,\u201d it replied, adding that the Prosecutor has noted his office\u2019s intention \u201cto introduce new advanced technological tools in order to enrich, filter and analyse such material. This will include the introduction of artificial intelligence and machine learning tools that will significantly enhance the ability of OTP investigators to review audio and video evidence\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI would hope that they have a process in place to be able to use that information [from the Ukraine portal],\u201d says Waters. \u201cI suspect there'll be a very large flow of information. I don't envy them having to sort through all that.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Considering that investigative teams have some access to the ground in the case of Ukraine, \u201cthis kind of information will certainly be used alongside physical evidence and testimony as corroborating evidence,\u201d Waters told Justice Info. \u201cBut I don't think anyone is going to get sent to prison based entirely on open source information\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"The<\/div><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\tUkraine responds to warfare with \u201clawfare\u201d\r\n\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On March 11, International Criminal Court (ICC) Prosecutor Karim Khan announced that his office has set up an online portal to collect information on possible war crimes in Ukraine. The Prosecutor General of Ukraine has done the same. What role might digital evidence play in future prosecutions, and is the ICC equipped to handle masses […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":64,"featured_media":93103,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[562,541,3291],"tags":[3546],"ji_location":[2429,2533],"class_list":["post-93111","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-icc","category-tribunals","category-ukraine-by-justice-info","tag-investigations","ji_location-russia","ji_location-ukraine"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nInsights on the digital revolution for war crimes probes in Ukraine - JusticeInfo.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"On March 11, International Criminal Court (ICC) Prosecutor Karim Khan announced that his office has set up an online portal to collect information on possible war crimes in Ukraine. 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What role might digital evidence play in future prosecutions, and is the ICC equipped to handle masses of online material?","og_url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/93111-insights-digital-revolution-war-crimes-probes-ukraine.html","og_site_name":"JusticeInfo.net","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JusticeInfo\/","article_published_time":"2022-05-31T08:43:30+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-01-02T10:23:23+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1500,"height":1000,"url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ukraine_open-source_v1b.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Julia Crawford and Franck Petit","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@justiceinfonet","twitter_site":"@justiceinfonet","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Julia Crawford and Franck Petit","Est. reading time":"9 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/93111-insights-digital-revolution-war-crimes-probes-ukraine.html#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/93111-insights-digital-revolution-war-crimes-probes-ukraine.html"},"author":{"name":"solivri","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/6e53cba1629e2e66f3fc1821d3091865"},"headline":"Insights on the digital revolution for war crimes probes in Ukraine","datePublished":"2022-05-31T08:43:30+00:00","dateModified":"2026-01-02T10:23:23+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/93111-insights-digital-revolution-war-crimes-probes-ukraine.html"},"wordCount":1709,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/93111-insights-digital-revolution-war-crimes-probes-ukraine.html#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ukraine_open-source_v1b.jpg","keywords":["investigations"],"articleSection":["ICC","Tribunals","Ukraine by Justice Info"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/93111-insights-digital-revolution-war-crimes-probes-ukraine.html","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/93111-insights-digital-revolution-war-crimes-probes-ukraine.html","name":"Insights on the digital revolution for war crimes probes in Ukraine - JusticeInfo.net","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/93111-insights-digital-revolution-war-crimes-probes-ukraine.html#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/93111-insights-digital-revolution-war-crimes-probes-ukraine.html#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ukraine_open-source_v1b.jpg","datePublished":"2022-05-31T08:43:30+00:00","dateModified":"2026-01-02T10:23:23+00:00","description":"On March 11, International Criminal Court (ICC) Prosecutor Karim Khan announced that his office has set up an online portal to collect information on possible war crimes in Ukraine. The Prosecutor General of Ukraine has done the same. What role might digital evidence play in future prosecutions, and is the ICC equipped to handle masses of online material?","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/93111-insights-digital-revolution-war-crimes-probes-ukraine.html#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/93111-insights-digital-revolution-war-crimes-probes-ukraine.html"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/93111-insights-digital-revolution-war-crimes-probes-ukraine.html#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ukraine_open-source_v1b.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ukraine_open-source_v1b.jpg","width":1500,"height":1000,"caption":"Open source evidence gathering is now an integral part of war crimes investigations. \u00a9 Photo by Max Duzig (Unsplash) edited by Justice Info"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/93111-insights-digital-revolution-war-crimes-probes-ukraine.html#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Insights on the digital revolution for war crimes probes in Ukraine"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/","name":"JusticeInfo.net","description":"For justice to be done, it must be seen","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#organization","name":"Justice Info","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/justiceinfo_logo-trans_1200x1200px.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/justiceinfo_logo-trans_1200x1200px.png","width":1199,"height":1200,"caption":"Justice Info"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JusticeInfo\/","https:\/\/x.com\/justiceinfonet","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/justice-info","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCyCEsARodyuWtkWyhn-e7pA"]},{"@type":"Person","name":"Julia Crawford and Franck Petit","url":"\/en\/?s=Julia Crawford and Franck Petit"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93111","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/64"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=93111"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93111\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":93127,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93111\/revisions\/93127"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/93103"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=93111"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=93111"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=93111"},{"taxonomy":"ji_location","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ji_location?post=93111"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}