Kosovo's ex-president Hashim Thaci is set to go on trial in The Hague on Monday for crimes dating back to his role in the former province's conflict with Serbia.
Here are key points about the 1998-99 conflict that put Western-backed Kosovo on a path to independence, a move never accepted by Serbia or its allies Russia and China.
- Lead up to war -
In former Yugoslavia, Kosovo was a southern Serbian province.
It nonetheless enjoyed a special autonomous status that gave the ethnic Albanian majority power to form a government and an assembly, and to send representatives to the federal government and eight-member presidency.
The province also had control over its education and judicial systems and its police forces.
In March 1989, on the eve of Yugoslavia's bloody break up, Serbia's then-president Slobodan Milosevic revoked Kosovo's autonomy and concentrated all authority in Belgrade.
That led to huge protests by ethnic Albanians in Kosovo's main city, Pristina, and clashes with police that claimed 24 lives, including those of two officers.
- Non-violent resistance -
After Kosovo's autonomy was revoked, ethnic Albanians who refused to show loyalty to Milosevic's regime were fired from jobs in schools, hospitals, media outlets and security forces.
The head of the Kosovo writers' union, Ibrahim Rugova, launched a peaceful resistance movement that involved creating parallel state structures for ethnic Albanians in the province.
The shadow government provided basic services like education and healthcare in private homes through most of the 1990s, with funding coming mostly from the diaspora.
- How the war started -
In 1997, a separatist guerrilla movement emerged, recruiting ethnic Albanians who believed that Rugova's non-violent movement would not be effective against Milosevic's repressive regime.
The Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) began its fight for independence from Serbia in 1998.
In early March of that year, Belgrade launched its first offensive against the KLA in the central Drenica region, a main rebel stronghold.
Over the next 15 months, fighting claimed 13,000 lives, overwhelmingly those of ethnic Albanians.
Hundreds of thousands of civilians were also displaced.
- Atrocities -
Serbia sought to cover up war crimes by piling thousands of victims' remains into mass graves, including several throughout Serbia.
After Milosevic was deposed in 2000, the remains of several hundred ethnic Albanians were uncovered in mass graves near Belgrade, and dozens of bodies were found at a special police base in eastern Serbia and near a lake in the west.
The Hague-based International Criminal Court for former Yugoslavia (ICTY) sentenced a former deputy prime minister and five top former Serbian military and police officials for war crimes during the Kosovo conflict.
- KLA crimes -
The KLA rebels have also been accused of crimes, including the kidnapping and disappearance of at least 500 civilians, mostly ethnic Serbs and Roma, along with ethnic Albanian political opponents, according to a 2010 Council of Europe report.
The EU-funded Kosovo Specialist Chambers (KSC) was created in 2015 to investigate these and other crimes allegedly committed by the guerrillas, many of whom went on to hold senior political posts in Kosovo.
Thaci, previously prime minister before becoming president, was the political leader of the KLA.
- How the war ended -
Milosevic's refusal to halt his crackdown on ethnic Albanian civilians triggered a NATO intervention in 1999 that forced Serb troops out of Kosovo and brought the former Serbian province under UN administration.
In 2008, Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, with backing from the United States and most of the West.
Serbia has never accepted the move, and relations between the neighbours remain strained.
