The International Criminal Court (ICC)
On May 20, 2024, ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan announced that he had requested two arrest warrants for Israeli officials: Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former Defense Minister Yoav Gallant, suspected of committing crimes against humanity and war crimes in Gaza.
On November 21, 2024, ICC judges issued arrest warrants for Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant. These arrest warrant theoretically restricts the movements of the Israeli Prime Minister and his former Defense Minister, as any of the 124 ICC member states has an obligation to arrest them if they enter their territory.
The International Court of Justice (ICJ)
On January 26, 2024, the International Court of Justice (ICJ), seized by South Africa, called on Israel to prevent any act amounting to “genocide”, warning of a “real and imminent risk” of “irreparable harm” to Palestinians in Gaza, and to ensure the delivery of humanitarian aid. Several countries joined the case, including Brazil, Belize, Cuba, Ireland, the Maldives, Chile, Turkey, Spain, Mexico, Libya, and Colombia.
On July 19, 2024, the ICJ ruled that Israel's occupation of Palestine was illegal; that the Israeli state was conducting a policy of apartheid there; and that it must cease its settlement activities, withdraw its settlers, and grant full reparations to the Palestinians.
On October 22, 2025, the ICJ reiterated that Israel was required under international law to facilitate the delivery of aid to Gaza and to provide for the basic needs of Palestinians, which are essential to their survival.
The UN General Assembly
On September 18, 2024, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution confirming the ICJ's opinion and demanding that Israel end immediately its illegal presence in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.
The UN Commission of Inquiry
On September 16, 2025, the Independent International Commission of Inquiry established by the UN Human Rights Council concluded that Israel's actions against the Palestinian population of Gaza meet the legal definition of genocide. The commission accused the Israeli authorities and security forces of committing “four of the five acts” defined by the 1948 Genocide Convention.
United Kingdom
On April 16, 2024, the NGO Global Legal Action Network and the Hind Rajab Foundation asked the UK attorney general and director of public prosecutions to issue an arrest warrant for Gideon Sa'ar, the Israeli minister of foreign affairs.
On April 7, 2025, a group of lawyers filed a lawsuit accusing ten British nationals of war crimes and crimes against humanity while fighting for the Israeli army in Gaza. A 240-page report was submitted on behalf of the Palestinian Center for Human Rights (PCHR), registered in Gaza, and the London-based Public Interest Law Center (PILC).
Belgium
On October 17, 2024, the Belgian public prosecutor's office announced the opening of a judicial investigation into a Belgian-Israeli citizen who was a member of a sniper unit known as “Refaim” (“ghost” in Hebrew). The 21-year-old man lived in Uccle, southwest of Brussels, before moving to Tel Aviv in 2022.
In December 2024, the Hind Rajab Foundation reported that it had filed a complaint with the ICC against Colonel Moshe Tetro, Israel's military attaché in Belgium, who was previously in charge of humanitarian aid access in the Gaza Strip.
On July 20, 2025, two Israeli soldiers who were attending the Tomorrowland electronic music festival in the Flemish region were arrested and questioned by the Belgian authorities as part of an investigation into war crimes in Gaza. Belgian prosecutors said they have filed a complaint against the soldiers with the International Criminal Court.
Germany
On September 10, 2025, a complaint was filed with the German federal prosecutor's office by several organizations against an Israeli Defense Forces soldier from Munich suspected of participating in the killing of Palestinian civilians in Gaza: the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR), Al-Haq, the Al Mezan Center, and the Palestinian Center for Human Rights.
France
On June 6, 2025, a complaint against X for murder and genocide was filed with the Paris crimes against humanity unit by Jacqueline Rivault, the maternal grandmother of two children, aged 6 and 9, killed in an Israeli bombing on October 24, 2023. On the same day, the national anti-terrorism prosecutor's office announced that it had opened “two judicial investigations into charges of complicity in genocide, public and direct incitement to genocide followed by action, and complicity in crimes against humanity, between January 1, 2024, and May 2024, on the territory of Israel, Egypt, and Gaza”.
On July 1, 2025, several NGOs, including the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), filed a complaint in Paris against two Franco-Israeli soldiers suspected of belonging to the “Refaim” unit and accused of “war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, and summary executions” of civilians in Gaza, regarding French-Israeli citizens suspected of having participated in actions to block humanitarian aid to Gaza.
To date, the NGO Reporters Without Borders says it has filed four complaints with the ICC accusing the Israeli army of war crimes against journalists in Gaza.
Spain
On September 18, 2025, Spain's attorney general announced “the creation of a task force to investigate violations of international human rights law in Gaza”.
On October 24, 2025, the Spanish judiciary announced the opening of an investigation against executives of the steel company Sidenor for complicity in crimes against humanity or genocide for selling steel to an Israeli arms company during the war in the Gaza Strip.
Italy
On January 13, 2025, the Hind Rajab Foundation announced that it had seized the ICC and the Italian authorities, requesting the immediate arrest of Major General Ghassan Alian of the Israeli armed forces, who was in Rome at the time, for his involvement in crimes against humanity in Gaza.
On October 7, 2025, Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni announced that a complaint for “complicity in genocide” and complicity in war crimes and crimes against humanity had been filed against her and two of her ministers at the ICC because of Italy's support for Israel. Roberto Cingolani, CEO of Leonardo, an Italian aerospace and defense group, is also targeted by this complaint, drafted by the group “Lawyers and Advocates for Palestine”, which says it filed the complaint on October 14.
Brazil
On January 5, 2025, an Israeli reservist suspected of war crimes in Gaza had to flee Brazil, where he was on vacation, accompanied by the consular service of the Israeli embassy. On December 30, 2024, the Federal Court ordered an investigation into the soldier following a complaint by the Hind Rajab Foundation.
Canada
On June 4, 2025, the Canadian Federal Police announced that it had launched an investigation in connection with the ongoing conflict in Gaza. A “structural” investigation conducted by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) began in early 2024 into the Israel-Hamas conflict under the War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity Act. Several Israeli-Canadian soldiers have told the press that they fear returning to Canada.
Other countries
According to several NGOs and Israeli media outlets, including Haaretz and The Times of Israel, complaints of war crimes have also been filed against Israeli Defense Forces soldiers in Ireland, Serbia, Sri Lanka, and South Africa. The Hind Rajab Foundation also claims to have filed complaints against Israeli soldiers in about 20 other countries in Europe, America, and Asia.
