The UN on Tuesday urged Israel to immediately halt its dramatic settlement expansion in the West Bank, raising "ethnic cleansing" concerns with over 36,000 Palestinians displaced in a single year.
A fresh report from the United Nations rights office, looking at the 12 months up to October 31, 2025, warned that Israel's accelerating expansion of unlawful settlements and annexation of large parts of the West Bank was driving "unprecedented" displacement.
"The displacement of more than 36,000 Palestinians in the occupied West Bank represented the mass expulsion of Palestinians on a scale previously unseen, amounting to unlawful transfer that is prohibited under international humanitarian law," the report said.
Alongside "the extensive displacement of Palestinians in Gaza", it "appears to indicate a concerted Israeli policy of mass forcible transfer throughout the occupied territory, aimed at permanent displacement, raising concerns of ethnic cleansing".
The report pointed to the advancement or approval by Israeli authorities of 36,973 housing units in settlements in occupied East Jerusalem and around 27,200 in the rest of the West Bank.
Also during the 12-month-period, "an unprecedented 84 settlement outposts were established across the occupied West Bank, bringing the total number to more than 300", the report said.
Ajith Sunghay, the head of the UN Human Rights Office in the Palestinian territories, told journalists that since the period covered by the report, "the pace of the concerted efforts by the Israeli government to seize as much Palestinian land as possible, with as few Palestinians in it as possible, is only becoming more relentless".
Asked for its response to the report, Israel's mission in Geneva told AFP that UN rights chief Volker Turk's agency had "lost all credibility" and "does not function as an impartial and neutral human rights office, but as the epicentre of vile anti-Israeli activism".
- Settler attacks -
In addition to roughly three million Palestinians, more than 500,000 Israelis live in settlements and outposts in the West Bank, which are illegal under international law.
Violence in the West Bank, which Israel has occupied since 1967, has risen sharply since the October 7, 2023 Hamas attack on Israel triggered the Gaza war.
There has also been a spike in deadly attacks by Israeli settlers in the West Bank since the start of the Iran war, Palestinian authorities and the UN have said, with at least six Palestinians killed since the start of March.
Sunghay said that West Bank Palestinians were now living with "even more violence, restrictions and discrimination than they did just four months ago".
According to an AFP tally based on Palestinian health ministry figures, Israeli troops or settlers have killed at least 1,045 Palestinians -- many of them militants, but also scores of civilians -- in the West Bank since the start of the Gaza war.
Official Israeli figures say that 45 Israelis, including soldiers and civilians, have been killed in Palestinian attacks or during Israeli military operations.
In Tuesday's report, the UN rights office said it had documented 1,732 incidents of settler violence resulting in casualties or property damage during the reporting period -- up from 1,400 during the previous 12 months.
"Settler violence continued in a coordinated, strategic and largely unchallenged manner, with Israeli authorities playing the central role," the report said.
Sunghay said that this year, Israeli settlers had killed seven Palestinians in the West Bank -- compared to eight in all of 2025.
- 'War crime' -
Turk called on Israel to "immediately and completely cease and reverse the establishment and expansion of settlements".
In a statement, he also urged "the evacuation (of) all settlers, and an end to the occupation of the Palestinian territory".
The report also decried that advancing settlement plans were heightening the risk of displacement faced by thousands of Palestinians from Bedouin communities located northeast of East Jerusalem.
"Unlawful transfer of protected persons constitutes a grave breach of the Fourth Geneva Convention, constituting a war crime," it stressed.
"Under certain circumstances, it may also amount to a crime against humanity."
